Vimuttimaggapakaraṇaṃ
Ko so vimuttimaggo nāma? Visuddhimaggo viya sīlasamādhipaññānaṃ visuṃ visuṃ vibhajitvā dīpako eko paṭipattigantho. Tattha hi –
‘‘Sīlaṃ samādhi paññā ca, vimutti ca anuttarā;
Anubuddhā ime dhammā, gotamena yasassinā’’ti [dī. ni. 2.186; a. ni. 4.1] –
Imaṃ gāthaṃ paṭhamaṃ dassetvā tadatthavaṇṇanāvasena sīlasamādhipaññāvimuttiyo visuṃ visuṃ vibhajitvā dīpitā. So pana gantho idāni cinaraṭṭheyeva diṭṭho, cinabhāsāya ca parivattito (1048-bu-va) saṅghapālena nāma bhikkhunā. Kena pana so kuto ca tattha ānītoti na pākaṭametaṃ. Tassa pana saṅghapālassa ācariyo guṇabhadro nāma mahāyāniko bhikkhu majjhimaindiyadesiko, so indiyaraṭṭhato cinaraṭṭhaṃ gacchanto paṭhamaṃ sīhaḷadīpaṃ gantvā tato (978-bu-va) cinaraṭṭhaṃ gato. Tadā so tena ānīto bhaveyya [vimuttimagga, visuddhimagga].
Tasmiñhi vimuttimagge pubbāciṇṇanidānadassanaṃ dhātunidānadassanañca yatheva visuddhimagge ekaccevādo, tathevāgataṃ. Dosanidānadassane pana ‘‘semhādhiko rāgacarito, pittādhiko dosacarito, vātādhiko mohacarito. Semhādhiko vā mohacarito, vātādhiko rāgacarito’’ti tiṇṇampi rāgadosamohānaṃ dosaniyamo vutto. Ācariyabuddhaghosena diṭṭhavimuttimaggapotthake pana ‘‘pittādhiko dosacarito’’ti pāṭho ūno bhaveyya.
Aññānipi bahūni visuddhimagge paṭikkhittāni tattha vimuttimagge gahetabbabhāvena dissanti. Kathaṃ?
Sīlaniddese (1, 8-piṭṭhe) ‘‘aññe pana siraṭṭho sīlattho, sītalattho sīlatthoti evamādināpi nayenettha atthaṃ vaṇṇayantī’’ti paṭikkhitto atthopi tattha gahetabbabhāvena dissati.
Tathā dhutaṅganiddese (1, 78-piṭṭhe) ‘‘yesampi kusalattikavinimuttaṃ dhutaṅgaṃ, tesaṃ atthato dhutaṅgameva natthi, asantaṃ kassa dhunanato dhutaṅgaṃ nāma bhavissati, dhutaguṇe samādāya vattatīti vacanavirodhopi ca nesaṃ āpajjati, tasmā taṃ na gahetabba’’nti paṭikkhittaṃ paññattidhutaṅgampi tattha dissati. Mahāṭīkāyaṃ (1-104) pana ‘‘yesanti abhayagirivāsike sandhāyāha, te hi dhutaṅgaṃ nāma paññattīti vadantī’’ti vaṇṇitaṃ.
Tathā pathavīkasiṇaniddese (1, 144) ‘‘paṭipadāvisuddhi nāma sasambhāriko upacāro, upekkhānubrūhanā nāma appanā, sampahaṃsanā nāma paccavekkhaṇāti evameke vaṇṇayantī’’tiādinā paṭikkhittaekevādopi tattha dissati. Mahāṭīkāyaṃ (1, 172) pana ‘‘eketi abhayagirivāsino’’ti vaṇṇitaṃ.
Tathā khandhaniddese (2, 80-piṭṭhe) ‘‘balarūpaṃ sambhavarūpaṃ jātirūpaṃ rogarūpaṃ ekaccānaṃ matena middharūpa’’nti evaṃ aññānipi rūpāni āharitvā porāṇaṭṭhakathāyaṃ tesaṃ paṭikkhittabhāvo pakāsito. Mahāṭīkāyaṃ ‘‘ekaccānanti abhayagirivāsīna’’nti vaṇṇitaṃ. Tesu jātirūpaṃ middharūpañca vimuttimagge dassitaṃ. Na kevalaṃ dassanamattameva, atha kho middharūpassa atthibhāvopi ‘‘middhaṃ nāma tividhaṃ āhārajaṃ utujaṃ cittajañcāti. Tesu cittajameva nīvaraṇaṃ hoti, sesā pana dve arahatopi bhaveyyu’’ntiādinā sādhito.
Ettāvatā ca vimuttimagge visuddhimaggena asamānatthānaṃ vuttabhāvo ca abhayagirivāsīhi tassa ganthassa paṭiggahitabhāvo ca sakkā ñātuṃ. Aññānipi pana īdisāni asamānavacanāni bahūni tattha saṃvijjantiyeva, tāni pana sabbāni na sakkā idha dassetuṃ.
Yebhuyyena panassa karaṇappakāro visuddhimaggassa viya hoti. Yā yā hi pāḷi abhidhammavibhaṅgato vā paṭisambhidāmaggato vā aññasuttantehi vā ānetvā sādhakabhāvena visuddhimagge dassiyati, tatthapi sā sā pāḷi yebhuyyena dissateva. Tāsu kañcimattaṃ uddharitvā anuminanatthāya dassayissāma.
Yā visuddhimagge (1, 47-piṭṭhe) ‘‘pañca sīlāni pāṇātipātassa pahānaṃ sīla’’ntiādikā paṭisambhidāmaggapāḷi dassitā, sā vimuttimaggepi dissateva.
Yañca visuddhimagge (1, 137-piṭṭhe) ‘‘samādhi kāmacchandassa paṭipakkho…pe… vicāro vicikicchāyā’’ti vacanaṃ peṭake vuttanti dassitaṃ, tañca tatthapi tatheva dassetvā ‘‘tipeṭake vutta’’nti niddiṭṭhaṃ. Tipeṭaketi nāmañca peṭakopadesameva sandhāya vuttaṃ bhaveyya. Tattha hi vivicceva kāmehīti pāṭhasaṃvaṇṇanāyaṃ ‘‘alobhassa pāripūriyā kāmehi viveko sampajjati, adosassa. Amohassa pāripūriyā akusalehi dhammehi viveko sampajjatī’’ti pāṭhassa tipeṭake vuttabhāvo dassito. So ca pāṭho peṭakopadese (262-piṭṭhe) ‘‘tattha alobhassa pāripūriyā vivitto hoti kāmehī’’tiādinā dissati.
Yathā ca visuddhimagge (1, 258-piṭṭhe) ‘‘ayampi kho bhikkhave ānāpānassatisamādhi bhāvito’’tiādikā pāḷi mahāvaggasaṃyuttakato ānetvā dassitā, tatheva tatthapi.
Yathā ca visuddhimagge (1, 272-piṭṭhe) ‘‘assāsādimajjhapariyosānaṃ satiyā anugacchato’’tiādi pāḷi ca (1, 273-piṭṭhe) kakacūpamapāḷi ca paṭisambhidāmaggato ānetvā dassitā, tatheva tatthapi.
Yathā ca visuddhimagge (2, 69-piṭṭhe) ‘‘katamā cintāmayā paññā’’tiādikā ca pāḷi ‘‘tattha katamaṃ āyakosalla’’ntiādikā ca pāḷi (2, 71-piṭṭhe) ‘‘dukkhe ñāṇaṃ atthapaṭisambhidā’’tiādikā ca pāḷi abhidhammavibhaṅgato ānetvā dassitā, tatheva tatthapi. Sabbāpi ca tattha vuttā ekavidhaduvidhādipaññāpabhedakathā visuddhimagge vuttakathāya yebhuyyena samānāyeva.
‘‘Yena cakkhupasādena, rūpāni manupassati;
Parittaṃ sukhumaṃ etaṃ, ūkāsirasamūpama’’nti [visuddhi. 2.436; dha. sa. aṭṭha. 596] –
Ayampi gāthā vimuttimaggepi āyasmatā sāriputtattherena bhāsitabhāveneva dassitā. Ūkāsirasamūpamanti padaṃ pana ūkāsamūpamanti tattha dissati, tañca paramparalekhakānaṃ pamādalekhamattameva siyā.
Catūsu saccesu visuddhimagge viya vacanatthato lakkhaṇato anūnādhikato kamato antogadhānaṃ pabhedato upamāto ca vinicchayo dassito, so ca yebhuyyena visuddhimaggena [visuddhi. 2.530] samānoyeva.
Yathā ca visuddhimagge (2, 242-245) sammasanañāṇakathāyaṃ pañcannaṃ khandhānaṃ atītādiekādasavidhena ca aniccādilakkhaṇattayena ca visuṃ visuṃ sammasananayo dassito, tatheva tatthapi. Cakkhādijarāmaraṇapariyosānesu pana dhammesu dhammavicārapariyosānānaṃ saṭṭhiyā eva dhammānaṃ aniccādilakkhaṇattayena sammasananayo tattha dassito.
Visuddhimagge pana diṭṭhivisuddhiniddese (2, 230-232-piṭṭhesu) vuttā ‘‘yamakaṃ nāmarūpañca…pe… ubho bhijjanti paccayā’’ti gāthā ca, ‘‘na cakkhuto jāyare’’tiādikā cha gāthāyo ca, ‘‘na sakena balena jāyare’’tiādikā cha gāthāyo ca vimuttimagge bhaṅgānupassanāñāṇakathāyaṃ dassitā. Tāsu appamattakoyeva pāṭhabhedo dissati.
Visuddhimagge (2, 261-2-piṭṭhesu) arūpasattakesu ariyavaṃsakathānayena vutto kalāpato ca yamakato ca sammasananayo vimuttimagge ettheva bhaṅgānupassanāñāṇakathāyaṃ dassito.
Vimuttimagge buddhānussatikathāyaṃ lokavidūti padassa atthavaṇṇanāyaṃ sattalokasaṅkhāralokavasena dveyeva lokā dassitā, na pana okāsaloko yathā visuddhimagge (1, 199-200-piṭṭhesu).
Ettāvatā ca vimuttimaggo nāma gantho kīdisoti sakkā anuminituṃ. So pana yathā na mahāvihāravāsīnaṃ gantho hoti, evaṃ mahāyānikānampi na hotiyeva theravādapiṭakameva nissāya katabhāvato. Yasmā pana tattha na kiñcipi sīhaḷadīpikaṃ nāmaṃ vā theravādo vā dissati, tasmā so sīhaḷadīpe kataganthopi na hoti. Indiyaraṭṭhikaṃ pana nāmañca vohāro ca tattha bahūsu ṭhānesu dissati, tasmā indiyaraṭṭhe kataganthova bhaveyya. Yasmā cassa peṭakopadesaṃ nissitabhāvo bahūsu ṭhānesu dissati, visesato pana middharūpassa atthibhāvo ca, arahatopi tassa atthibhāvo ca tameva nissāya dassīyati, paṭisambhidāmaggagaṇṭhipade ca peṭaketi padassa [paṭi. ma. aṭṭha. 1.1.36] atthavaṇṇanāyaṃ ‘‘suttantapiṭakatthāya aṭṭhakathā peṭakaṃ mahisāsakānaṃ gantho’’ti vaṇṇito. Tasmā eso vimuttimaggo mahisāsakanikāyikena kato bhaveyyāti amhākaṃ mati.
TẢI MOBILE APP PHẬT GIÁO THERAVĀDA ĐỂ XEM THÊM NHIỀU THÔNG TIN HỮU ÍCH (ANDROID & IOS)
