1. Ekakanipāto

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1. Ekakanipāto

1. Paṭhamavaggo

1. Lobhasuttavaṇṇanā

1. Idāni ekadhammaṃ, bhikkhave, pajahathātiādinā nayena bhagavatā nikkhittassa suttassa vaṇṇanāya okāso anuppatto. Sā panesā atthavaṇṇanā yasmā suttanikkhepaṃ vicāretvā vuccamānā pākaṭā hoti, tasmā suttanikkhepaṃ tāva vicāressāma. Cattāro hi suttanikkhepā – attajjhāsayo, parajjhāsayo, pucchāvasiko, aṭṭhuppattikoti. Yathā hi anekasataanekasahassabhedānipi suttantāni saṃkilesabhāgiyādipaṭṭhānanayena soḷasavidhataṃ nātivattanti, evaṃ attajjhāsayādisuttanikkhepavasena catubbidhataṃ nātivattantīti. Tattha yathā attajjhāsayassa aṭṭhuppattiyā ca parajjhāsayapucchāvasikehi saddhiṃ saṃsaggabhedo sambhavati attajjhāsayo ca parajjhāsayo ca, attajjhāsayo ca pucchāvasiko ca, aṭṭhuppattiko ca parajjhāsayo ca, aṭṭhuppattiko ca pucchāvasiko cāti ajjhāsayapucchānusandhisambhavato; evaṃ yadipi aṭṭhuppattiyā attajjhāsayenapi saṃsaggabhedo sambhavati, attajjhāsayādīhi pana purato ṭhitehi aṭṭhuppattiyā saṃsaggo natthīti niravaseso paṭṭhānanayo na sambhavati. Tadantogadhattā vā sambhavantānaṃ sesanikkhepānaṃ mūlanikkhepavasena cattāro suttanikkhepā vuttāti veditabbaṃ.

Tatrāyaṃ vacanattho – nikkhipīyatīti nikkhepo, suttaṃ eva nikkhepo suttanikkhepo. Atha vā nikkhipanaṃ nikkhepo, suttassa nikkhepo suttanikkhepo, suttadesanāti attho. Attano ajjhāsayo attajjhāsayo, so assa atthi kāraṇabhūtoti attajjhāsayo, attano ajjhāsayo etassāti vā attajjhāsayo. Parajjhāsayepi eseva nayo. Pucchāya vasoti pucchāvaso. So etassa atthīti pucchāvasiko. Suttadesanāya vatthubhūtassa atthassa uppatti atthuppatti , atthuppatti eva aṭṭhuppatti tha-kārassa ṭha-kāraṃ katvā, sā etassa atthīti aṭṭhuppattiko. Atha vā nikkhipīyati suttaṃ etenāti nikkhepo, attajjhāsayādi eva. Etasmiṃ pana atthavikappe attano ajjhāsayo attajjhāsayo. Paresaṃ ajjhāsayo parajjhāsayo. Pucchīyatīti pucchā, pucchitabbo attho, pucchāvasena pavattaṃ dhammappaṭiggāhakānaṃ vacanaṃ pucchāvasaṃ, tadeva nikkhepasaddāpekkhāya pucchāvasikoti pulliṅgavasena vuttaṃ. Tathā aṭṭhuppatti eva aṭṭhuppattikoti evamettha attho veditabbo.

Apica paresaṃ indriyaparipākādikāraṇanirapekkhattā attajjhāsayassa visuṃ suttanikkhepabhāvo yutto, kevalaṃ attano ajjhāsayeneva dhammatantiṭhapanatthaṃ pavattitadesanattā. Parajjhāsayapucchāvasikānaṃ pana paresaṃ ajjhāsayapucchānaṃ desanāpavattihetubhūtānaṃ uppattiyaṃ pavattitānaṃ kathaṃ aṭṭhuppattiyaṃ anavarodho, pucchāvasikaṭṭhuppattikānaṃ vā parajjhāsayānurodhena pavattitānaṃ kathaṃ parajjhāsaye anavarodhoti? Na codetabbametaṃ. Paresañhi abhinīhāraparipucchādivinimuttasseva suttadesanākāraṇuppādassa aṭṭhuppattibhāvena gahitattā parajjhāsayapucchāvasikānaṃ visuṃ gahaṇaṃ. Tathā hi brahmajāladhammadāyādasuttādīnaṃ (dī. na. 1.1 ādayo) vaṇṇāvaṇṇaāmisuppādādidesanānimittaṃ aṭṭhuppatti vuccati. Paresaṃ pucchaṃ vinā ajjhāsayameva nimittaṃ katvā desito parajjhāsayo, pucchāvasena desito pucchāvasikoti pākaṭoyamatthoti.

Yāni bhagavā parehi anajjhiṭṭho kevalaṃ attano ajjhāsayeneva katheti, seyyathidaṃ – ākaṅkheyyasuttaṃ, tuvaṭṭakasuttantievamādīni (su. ni. 921 ādayo; ma. ni. 1.64 ādayo), tesaṃ attajjhāsayo nikkhepo.

Yāni pana ‘‘paripakkā kho rāhulassa vimuttiparipācanīyā dhammā, yaṃnūnāhaṃ rāhulaṃ uttariṃ āsavānaṃ khaye vineyya’’nti evaṃ paresaṃ ajjhāsayaṃ khantiṃ abhinīhāraṃ bujjhanabhāvañca oloketvā parajjhāsayavasena kathitāni, seyyathidaṃ – rāhulovādasuttaṃ, dhammacakkappavattanasuttantievamādīni (ma. ni. 2.107 ādayo; 3.416 ādayo; saṃ. ni. 3.59; mahāva. 19-20), tesaṃ parajjhāsayo nikkhepo.

Bhagavantaṃ pana upasaṅkamitvā devā manussā catasso parisā cattāro vaṇṇā ca tathā tathā pañhaṃ pucchanti ‘‘bojjhaṅgā bojjhaṅgāti, bhante, vuccanti, nīvaraṇā nīvaraṇāti vuccantī’’tiādinā , evaṃ puṭṭhena bhagavatā yāni kathitāni bojjhaṅgasaṃyuttādīni (saṃ. ni. 5.186) tesaṃ pucchāvasiko nikkhepo.

Yāni pana tāni uppannaṃ kāraṇaṃ paṭicca kathitāni, seyyathidaṃ – dhammadāyādaṃ, puttamaṃsūpamaṃ, dārukkhandhūpamantievamādīni (ma. ni. 1.29; saṃ. ni. 2.63), tesaṃ aṭṭhuppattiko nikkhepo.

Evamimesu catūsu suttanikkhepesu imassa suttassa parajjhāsayo nikkhepo. Parajjhāsayavasena hetaṃ nikkhittaṃ. Kesaṃ ajjhāsayena? Lobhe ādīnavadassīnaṃ puggalānaṃ. Keci pana ‘‘attajjhāsayo’’ti vadanti.

Tattha ekadhammaṃ, bhikkhavetiādīsu ekasaddo attheva aññatthe ‘‘sassato attā ca loko ca, idameva saccaṃ moghamaññanti ittheke abhivadantī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 3.27). Atthi seṭṭhe ‘‘cetaso ekodibhāva’’ntiādīsu (dī. ni. 1.228; pārā. 11). Atthi asahāye ‘‘eko vūpakaṭṭho’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 1.405). Atthi saṅkhāyaṃ ‘‘ekova kho, bhikkhave, khaṇo ca samayo ca brahmacariyavāsāyā’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 8.29). Idhāpi saṅkhāyameva daṭṭhabbo.

Dhamma-saddo pariyattisaccasamādhipaññāpakatipuññāpattisuññatāñeyyasabhāvādīsu dissati. Tathā hissa ‘‘idha bhikkhu dhammaṃ pariyāpuṇātī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 5.73) pariyatti attho. ‘‘Diṭṭhadhammo’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 1.299) saccāni. ‘‘Evaṃdhammā te bhagavanto ahesu’’ntiādīsu (dī. ni. 2.13; 3.142) samādhi. ‘‘Saccaṃ dhammo dhiti cāgo, save pecca na socatī’’tiādīsu (jā. 1.1.57) paññā. ‘‘Jātidhammānaṃ, bhikkhave, sattānaṃ evaṃ icchā uppajjatī’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 2.398) pakati. ‘‘Dhammo have rakkhati dhammacāri’’ntiādīsu (jā. 1.10.102) puññaṃ. ‘‘Tiṇṇaṃ dhammānaṃ aññatarena vadeyya pārājikena vā saṅghādisesena vā pācittiyena vā’’tiādīsu (pārā. 444) āpatti. ‘‘Tasmiṃ kho pana samaye dhammā hontī’’tiādīsu (dha. sa. 121) suññatā. ‘‘Sabbe dhammā sabbākārena buddhassa bhagavato ñāṇamukhe āpāthaṃ āgacchantī’’tiādīsu (mahāni. 156; cūḷani. mogharājamāṇavapucchāniddesa 85) ñeyyo. ‘‘Kusalā dhammā akusalā dhammā’’tiādīsu (dha. sa. tikamātikā 1) sabhāvo attho . Idhāpi sabhāvo. Tasmā ekadhammanti ekaṃ saṃkilesasabhāvanti adhippāyo. Eko ca so dhammo cāti ekadhammo, taṃ ekadhammaṃ.

Bhikkhaveti bhikkhū ālapati. Kimatthaṃ pana bhagavā dhammaṃ desento bhikkhū ālapati, na dhammameva desetīti? Satijananatthaṃ. Bhikkhū hi aññaṃ cintentāpi dhammaṃ paccavekkhantāpi kammaṭṭhānaṃ manasi karontāpi nisinnā honti. Te paṭhamaṃ anālapitvā dhamme desiyamāne ‘‘ayaṃ desanā kiṃnidānā, kiṃpaccayā’’ti sallakkhetuṃ na sakkonti. Ālapite pana satiṃ upaṭṭhapetvā sallakkhetuṃ sakkonti, tasmā satijananatthaṃ ‘‘bhikkhave’’ti ālapati. Tena ca tesaṃ bhikkhanasīlatādiguṇayogasiddhena vacanena hīnādhikajanasevitaṃ vuttiṃ pakāsento uddhatadīnabhāvaniggahaṃ karoti. ‘‘Bhikkhave’’ti iminā karuṇāvipphārasommahadayanayananipātapubbaṅgamena vacanena te attano mukhābhimukhe karonto tena ca kathetukamyatādīpakena vacanena nesaṃ sotukamyataṃ janeti. Teneva ca sambodhanatthena sādhukaṃ savanamanasikārepi niyojeti. Sādhukaṃ savanamanasikārāyattā hi sāsanasampatti.

Aññesupi devamanussesu parisapariyāpannesu vijjamānesu kasmā bhikkhū eva āmantesīti? Jeṭṭhaseṭṭhāsannasadāsannihitabhāvato. Sabbaparisasādhāraṇā hi bhagavato dhammadesanā, parisāya ca jeṭṭhā bhikkhū paṭhamuppannattā, seṭṭhā anagāriyabhāvaṃ ādiṃ katvā satthu cariyānuvidhāyakattā sakalasāsanapaṭiggāhakattā ca, āsannā tattha nisinnesu samīpavuttiyā, sadāsannihitā satthusantikāvacarattā. Apica te dhammadesanāya bhājanaṃ yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipattisabbhāvato, visesato ca ekacce bhikkhū sandhāya ayaṃ desanāti te eva ālapi.

Pajahathāti ettha pahānaṃ nāma tadaṅgappahānaṃ, vikkhambhanappahānaṃ, samucchedappahānaṃ, paṭippassaddhippahānaṃ, nissaraṇappahānanti pañcavidhaṃ. Tattha yaṃ dīpālokeneva tamassa paṭipakkhabhāvato alobhādīhi lobhādikassa, nāmarūpaparicchedādivipassanāñāṇehi tassa tassa anatthassa pahānaṃ. Seyyathidaṃ – pariccāgena lobhādimalassa, sīlena pāṇātipātādidussīlyassa, saddhādīhi assaddhiyādikassa, nāmarūpavavatthānena sakkāyadiṭṭhiyā, paccayapariggahena ahetuvisamahetudiṭṭhīnaṃ, tasseva aparabhāgena kaṅkhāvitaraṇena kathaṃkathībhāvassa, kalāpasammasanena ‘‘ahaṃ mamā’’ti gāhassa, maggāmaggavavatthānena amagge maggasaññāya, udayadassanena ucchedadiṭṭhiyā, vayadassanena sassatadiṭṭhiyā, bhayadassanena sabhayesu abhayasaññāya, ādīnavadassanena assādasaññāya, nibbidānupassanena abhiratisaññāya, muccitukamyatāñāṇena amuccitukamyatāya upekkhāñāṇena anupekkhāya, anulomena dhammaṭṭhitiyā, nibbānena paṭilomabhāvassa, gotrabhunā saṅkhāranimittaggāhassa pahānaṃ, etaṃ tadaṅgappahānaṃ nāma.

Yaṃ pana upacārappanābhedena samādhinā pavattibhāvanivāraṇato ghaṭappahāreneva udakapiṭṭhe sevālassa tesaṃ tesaṃ nīvaraṇādidhammānaṃ pahānaṃ, etaṃ vikkhambhanappahānaṃ nāma. Yaṃ catunnaṃ ariyamaggānaṃ bhāvitattā taṃtaṃmaggavato attano santāne ‘‘diṭṭhigatānaṃ pahānāyā’’tiādinā (dha. sa. 277; vibha. 628) nayena vuttassa samudayapakkhiyassa kilesagaṇassa accantaṃ appavattibhāvena samucchindanaṃ, idaṃ samucchedappahānaṃ nāma. Yaṃ pana phalakkhaṇe paṭippassaddhattaṃ kilesānaṃ, etaṃ paṭippassaddhippahānaṃ nāma. Yaṃ pana sabbasaṅkhatanissaṭattā pahīnasabbasaṅkhataṃ nibbānaṃ, etaṃ nissaraṇappahānaṃ nāma. Evaṃ pañcavidhe pahāne anāgāmikabhāvakarassa pahānassa adhippetattā idha samucchedappahānanti veditabbaṃ. Tasmā pajahathāti pariccajatha, samucchindathāti attho.

Ahanti bhagavā attānaṃ niddisati. Voti ayaṃ vosaddo paccattaupayogakaraṇasāmivacanapadapūraṇasampadānesu dissati. Tathā hi ‘‘kacci, pana vo anuruddhā, samaggā sammodamānā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.326) paccatte āgato. ‘‘Gacchatha, bhikkhave, paṇāmemi vo’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.157) upayoge. ‘‘Na vo mama santike vatthabba’’ntiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.157) karaṇe. ‘‘Sabbesaṃ vo, sāriputta, subhāsita’’ntiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.345) sāmivacane. ‘‘Ye hi vo ariyā parisuddhakāyakammantā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.35) padapūraṇe. ‘‘Vanapatthapariyāyaṃ vo, bhikkhave, desessāmī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.190) sampadāne. Idhāpi sampadāne eva daṭṭhabbo.

Pāṭibhogoti paṭibhū. So hi dhāraṇakaṃ paṭicca dhanikassa, dhanikaṃ paṭicca dhāraṇakassa paṭinidhibhūto dhanikasantakassa tato haraṇādisaṅkhātena bhuñjanena bhogoti paṭibhogo, paṭibhogo eva pāṭibhogo. Anāgāmitāyāti anāgāmibhāvatthāya. Paṭisandhiggahaṇavasena hi kāmabhavassa anāgamanato anāgāmī. Yo yassa dhammassa adhigamena anāgāmīti vuccati, saphalo so tatiyamaggo anāgāmitā nāma. Iti bhagavā veneyyadamanakusalo veneyyajjhāsayānukūlaṃ tatiyamaggādhigamaṃ lahunā upāyena ekadhammapūraṇatāmattena thiraṃ katvā dassesi yathā taṃ sammāsambuddho. Bhinnabhūmikāpi hi paṭighasaṃyojanādayo tatiyamaggavajjhā kilesā kāmarāgappahānaṃ nātivattantīti.

Kasmā panettha bhagavā attānaṃ pāṭibhogabhāve ṭhapesi? Tesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ anāgāmimaggādhigamāya ussāhajananatthaṃ. Passati hi bhagavā ‘‘mayā ‘ekadhammaṃ, bhikkhave, pajahatha, ahaṃ vo pāṭibhogo anāgāmitāyā’ti vutte ime bhikkhū addhā taṃ ekadhammaṃ pahāya sakkā tatiyabhūmiṃ samadhigantuṃ, yato dhammassāmi paṭhamamāha ‘ahaṃ pāṭibhogo’ti ussāhajātā tadatthāya paṭipajjitabbaṃ maññissantī’’ti. Tasmā ussāhajananatthaṃ anāgāmitāya tesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ attānaṃ pāṭibhogabhāve ṭhapesi.

Katamaṃ ekadhammanti ettha katamanti pucchāvacanaṃ. Pucchā ca nāmesā pañcavidhā – adiṭṭhajotanāpucchā, diṭṭhasaṃsandanāpucchā, vimaticchedanāpucchā, anumatipucchā , kathetukamyatāpucchāti. Tattha pakatiyā lakkhaṇaṃ aññātaṃ hoti adiṭṭhaṃ atulitaṃ atīritaṃ avibhūtaṃ avibhāvitaṃ, tassa ñāṇāya dassanāya tulanāya tīraṇāya vibhūtatthāya vibhāvanatthāya pañhaṃ pucchati, ayaṃ adiṭṭhajotanāpucchā. Pakatiyā lakkhaṇaṃ ñātaṃ hoti diṭṭhaṃ tulitaṃ tīritaṃ vibhūtaṃ vibhāvitaṃ. So aññehi paṇḍitehi saddhiṃ saṃsandanatthāya pañhaṃ pucchati, ayaṃ diṭṭhasaṃsandanāpucchā. Pakatiyā saṃsayapakkhando hoti vimatipakkhando dveḷhakajāto – ‘‘evaṃ nu kho, na nu kho, kiṃ nu kho, kathaṃ nu kho’’ti, so vimaticchedanatthāya pañhaṃ pucchati, ayaṃ vimaticchedanāpucchā. Bhagavā hi anumatiggahaṇatthaṃ pañhaṃ pucchati – ‘‘taṃ kiṃ maññatha, bhikkhave, rūpaṃ niccaṃ vā aniccaṃ vā’’tiādinā (saṃ. ni. 3.59; mahāva. 21), ayaṃ anumatipucchā. Bhagavā bhikkhūnaṃ kathetukamyatāya pañhaṃ pucchati – ‘‘cattārome, bhikkhave, āhārā bhūtānaṃ vā sattānaṃ ṭhitiyā sambhavesīnaṃ vā anuggahāya. Katame cattāro’’ti (saṃ. ni. 2.11) ayaṃ kathetukamyatāpucchā.

Tattha purimā tisso pucchā buddhānaṃ natthi. Kasmā? Tīsu hi addhāsu kiñci saṅkhataṃ addhāvimuttaṃ vā asaṅkhataṃ sammāsambuddhānaṃ adiṭṭhaṃ atulitaṃ atīritaṃ avibhūtaṃ avibhāvitaṃ nāma natthi. Tena nesaṃ adiṭṭhajotanāpucchā natthi. Yaṃ pana tehi attano ñāṇena paṭividdhaṃ, tassa aññena samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā saddhiṃ saṃsandanakiccaṃ natthi, tena nesaṃ diṭṭhasaṃsandanāpucchāpi natthi. Yasmā pana buddhā bhagavanto akathaṃkathī tiṇṇavicikicchā sabbadhammesu vigatasaṃsayā, tena nesaṃ vimaticchedanāpucchāpi natthi. Itarā pana dve pucchā atthi, tāsu ayaṃ kathetukamyatāpucchāti veditabbā.

Idāni tāya pucchāya puṭṭhamatthaṃ sarūpato dassento ‘‘lobhaṃ, bhikkhave, ekadhamma’’ntiādimāha. Tattha lubbhanti tena, sayaṃ vā lubbhati, lubbhanamattameva vā tanti lobho. Svāyaṃ ārammaṇaggahaṇalakkhaṇo makkaṭālepo viya, abhisaṅgaraso tattakapāle pakkhittamaṃsapesi viya, apariccāgapaccupaṭṭhāno telañjanarāgo viya, saṃyojaniyesu dhammesu assādadassanapadaṭṭhāno, taṇhānadibhāvena vaḍḍhamāno yattha samuppanno, sīghasotā nadī viya mahāsamuddaṃ apāyameva taṃ sattaṃ gahetvā gacchatīti daṭṭhabbo. Kiñcāpi ayaṃ lobhasaddo sabbalobhasāmaññavacano, idha pana kāmarāgavacanoti veditabbo. So hi anāgāmimaggavajjho.

Puna bhikkhaveti ālapanaṃ dhammassa paṭiggāhakabhāvena abhimukhībhūtānaṃ tattha ādarajananatthaṃ. Pajahathāti iminā pahānābhisamayo vihito, so ca pariññāsacchikiriyābhāvanābhisamayehi saddhiṃ eva pavattati, na visunti catusaccādhiṭṭhānāni cattāripi sammādiṭṭhiyā kiccāni vihitāneva honti. Yathā ca ‘‘lobhaṃ pajahathā’’ti vutte pahānekaṭṭhabhāvato dosādīnampi pahānaṃ atthato vuttameva hoti, evaṃ samudayasaccavisaye sammādiṭṭhikicce pahānābhisamaye vutte tassā sahakārīkāraṇabhūtānaṃ sammāsaṅkappādīnaṃ sesamaggaṅgānampi samudayasaccavisayakiccaṃ atthato vuttameva hotīti paripuṇṇo ariyamaggabyāpāro idha kathitoti daṭṭhabbo. Iminā nayena satipaṭṭhānādīnampi bodhipakkhiyadhammānaṃ byāpārassa idha vuttabhāvo yathārahaṃ vitthāretabbo.

Apicettha lobhaṃ pajahathāti etena pahānapariññā vuttā. Sā ca tīraṇapariññādhiṭṭhānā, tīraṇapariññā ca ñātapariññādhiṭṭhānāti avinābhāvena tissopi pariññā bodhitā honti. Evamettha saha phalena catusaccakammaṭṭhānaṃ paripuṇṇaṃ katvā pakāsitanti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Atha vā lobhaṃ pajahathāti saha phalena ñāṇadassanavisuddhi desitā. Sā ca paṭipadāñāṇadassanavisuddhisannissayā…pe… cittavisuddhisīlavisuddhisannissayā cāti nānantarikabhāvena saha phalena sabbāpi satta visuddhiyo vibhāvitāti veditabbaṃ.

Evametāya visuddhikkamabhāvanāya pariññāttayasampādanena lobhaṃ pajahitukāmena –

‘‘Anatthajanano lobho, lobho cittappakopano;

Bhayamantarato jātaṃ, taṃ jano nāvabujjhati.

‘‘Luddho atthaṃ na jānāti, luddho dhammaṃ na passati;

Andhatamaṃ tadā hoti, yaṃ lobho sahate naraṃ’’. (itivu. 88);

Ratto kho, āvuso, rāgena abhibhūto pariyādinnacitto pāṇampi hanati, adinnampi ādiyati, sandhimpi chindati, nillopampi harati, ekāgārikampi karoti, paripanthepi tiṭṭhati, paradārampi gacchati, musāpi bhaṇati. Tadapi tesaṃ bhavataṃ samaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ ajānataṃ apassataṃ avedayataṃ taṇhānugatānaṃ paritassitaṃ vipphanditameva (a. ni. 3.54).

‘‘Taṇhādutiyo puriso, dīghamaddhāna saṃsaraṃ;

Itthabhāvaññathābhāvaṃ, saṃsāraṃ nātivattati’’. (itivu. 15, 105);

‘‘Natthi rāgasamo aggi, natthi dosasamo kali’’. (dha. pa. 202, 251);

‘‘Kāmarāgena ḍayhāmi, cittaṃ me pariḍayhati’’. (saṃ. ni. 1.212);

‘‘Ye rāgarattānupatanti sotaṃ, sayaṃkataṃ makkaṭakova jāla’’nti. (dha. pa. 347) ca –

Evamādisuttapadānusārena nānānayehi lobhassa ādīnavaṃ paccavekkhitvā tassa pahānāya paṭipajjitabbaṃ.

Apica cha dhammā kāmarāgassa pahānāya saṃvattanti, asubhanimittassa uggaho, asubhabhāvanānuyogo, indriyesu guttadvāratā, bhojane mattaññutā, kalyāṇamittatā, sappāyakathāti. Dasavidhañhi asubhanimittaṃ uggaṇhantassāpi kāmarāgo pahīyati, kāyagatāsatibhāvanāvasena saviññāṇake uddhumātakādivasena aviññāṇake asubhe asubhabhāvanānuyogamanuyuttassāpi, manacchaṭṭhesu indriyesu saṃvaraṇavasena satikavāṭena pihitadvārassāpi , catunnaṃ pañcannaṃ vā ālopānaṃ okāse sati udakaṃ pivitvā yāpanasīlatāya bhojane mattaññunopi. Tenevāha –

‘‘Cattāro pañca ālope, abhutvā udakaṃ pive;

Alaṃ phāsuvihārāya, pahitattassa bhikkhuno’’ti. (theragā. 983);

Asubhakammaṭṭhānabhāvanārate kalyāṇamitte sevantassāpi, ṭhānanisajjādīsu dasaasubhanissitasappāyakathāyapi pahīyati. Tenevāha –

‘‘Atthi, bhikkhave, asubhanimittaṃ, tattha yonisomanasikārabahulīkāro, ayamāhāro anuppannassa vā kāmacchandassa anuppādāya uppannassa vā kāmacchandassa pahānāyā’’ti.

Evaṃ pubbabhāge kāmarāgasaṅkhātassa lobhassa pahānāya paṭipanno vipassanaṃ ussukkāpetvā tatiyamaggena taṃ anavasesato samucchindati. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘lobhaṃ, bhikkhave, ekadhammaṃ pajahatha, ahaṃ vo pāṭibhogo anāgāmitāyā’’ti.

Etthāha ‘‘ko panettha lobho pahīyati, kiṃ atīto, atha anāgato, udāhu paccuppanno’’ti? Kiñcettha – na tāva atīto lobho pahīyeyya, na anāgato vā tesaṃ abhāvato. Na hi niruddhaṃ anuppannaṃ vā atthīti vuccati, vāyāmo ca aphalo āpajjati. Atha paccuppanno, evampi aphalo vāyāmo tassa sarasabhaṅgattā, saṃkiliṭṭhā ca maggabhāvanā āpajjati, cittavippayutto vā lobho siyā, na cāyaṃ nayo icchitoti. Vuccate – na vuttanayena atītānāgatapaccuppanno lobho pahīyati. Seyyathāpi idha taruṇarukkho asañjātaphalo, taṃ puriso kuṭhāriyā mūle chindeyya, tassa rukkhassa chede asati yāni phalāni nibbatteyyuṃ, tāni rukkhassa chinnattā ajātāni eva na jāyeyyuṃ, evameva ariyamaggādhigame asati uppajjanāraho lobho ariyamaggādhigamena paccayaghātassa katattā na uppajjati. Ayañhi aṭṭhakathāsu ‘‘bhūmiladdhuppanno’’ti vuccati. Vipassanāya hi ārammaṇabhūtā pañcakkhandhā tassa uppajjanaṭṭhānatāya bhūmi nāma. Sā bhūmi tena laddhāti katvā bhūmiladdhuppanno. Ārammaṇādhiggahituppanno avikkhambhituppanno asamūhatuppannoti ca ayameva vuccati.

Tatthāti tasmiṃ sutte. Etanti etaṃ atthajātaṃ. Idāni gāthābandhavasena vuccamānaṃ. Iti vuccatīti kena pana vuccati? Bhagavatā va. Aññesu hi tādisesu ṭhānesu saṅgītikārehi upanibandhagāthā honti, idha pana bhagavatā va gāthārucikānaṃ puggalānaṃ ajjhāsayavasena vuttamevatthaṃ saṅgahetvā gāthā bhāsitā.

Tattha yena lobhena luddhāse, sattā gacchanti duggatinti yena ārammaṇaggahaṇalakkhaṇena tato eva abhisaṅgarasena lobhena luddhā ajjhattikabāhiresu āyatanesu giddhā gadhitā. Seti hi nipātamattaṃ. Akkharacintakā pana īdisesu ṭhānesu se-kārāgamaṃ icchanti. Tathā luddhattā eva kāyasucaritādīsu kiñci sucaritaṃ akatvā kāyaduccaritādīni ca upacinitvā rūpādīsu sattavisattatāya sattāti laddhanāmā pāṇino dukkhassa nibbattiṭṭhānatāya duggatīti saṅkhaṃ gataṃ nirayaṃ tiracchānayoniṃ pettivisayañca paṭisandhiggahaṇavasena gacchanti upapajjanti.

Taṃ lobhaṃ sammadaññāya, pajahanti vipassinoti taṃ yathāvuttaṃ lobhaṃ sabhāvato samudayato atthaṅgamato assādato ādīnavato nissaraṇatoti imehi ākārehi sammā aviparītaṃ hetunā ñāyena aññāya ñātatīraṇapariññāsaṅkhātāya paññāya jānitvā rūpādike pañcupādānakkhandhe aniccādīhi vividhehi ākārehi passanato vipassino avasiṭṭhakilese vipassanāpaññāpubbaṅgamāya maggapaññāya samucchedappahānavasena pajahanti, na puna attano santāne uppajjituṃ denti. Pahāyana punāyanti, imaṃ lokaṃ kudācananti evaṃ sahajekaṭṭhapahānekaṭṭhehi avasiṭṭhakilesehi saddhiṃ taṃ lobhaṃ anāgāmimaggena pajahitvā puna pacchā imaṃ kāmadhātusaṅkhātaṃ lokaṃ paṭisandhiggahaṇavasena kadācipi na āgacchanti orambhāgiyānaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ suppahīnattā. Iti bhagavā anāgāmiphalena desanaṃ niṭṭhāpesi.

Ayampi atthoti nidānāvasānato pabhuti yāva gāthāpariyosānā iminā suttena pakāsito attho. Api-saddo idāni vakkhamānasuttatthasampiṇḍano. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva. Imasmiṃ sutte samudayasaccaṃ sarūpeneva āgataṃ, pahānāpadesena maggasaccaṃ. Itaraṃ saccadvayañca tadubhayahetutāya niddhāretabbaṃ. Gāthāya pana dukkhasamudayamaggasaccāni yathārutavaseneva ñāyanti, itaraṃ niddhāretabbaṃ. Eseva nayo ito paresupi suttesu.

Paramatthadīpaniyā khuddakanikāya-aṭṭhakathāya

Itivuttakavaṇṇanāya paṭhamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

2. Dosasuttavaṇṇanā

2.Vuttañhetaṃ…pe… dosanti dutiyasuttaṃ. Tatrāyaṃ apubbapadavaṇṇanā. Yathā ettha, evaṃ ito paresupi sabbattha apubbapadavaṇṇanaṃyeva karissāma. Yasmā idaṃ suttaṃ dosabahulānaṃ puggalānaṃ ajjhāsayaṃ oloketvā dosavūpasamanatthaṃ desitaṃ, tasmā ‘‘dosaṃ, bhikkhave, ekadhammaṃ pajahathā’’ti āgataṃ. Tattha dosanti ‘‘anatthaṃ me acarīti āghāto jāyatī’’tiādinā (vibha. 960) nayena sutte vuttānaṃ navannaṃ, ‘‘atthaṃ me nācarī’’tiādīnañca tappaṭipakkhato siddhānaṃ navannamevāti aṭṭhārasannaṃ khāṇukaṇṭakādinā aṭṭhānena saddhiṃ ekūnavīsatiyā aññatarāghātavatthusambhavaṃ āghātaṃ. So hi dussanti tena, sayaṃ vā dussati, dussanamattameva vā tanti dosoti vuccati. So caṇḍikkalakkhaṇo pahaṭāsīviso viya, visappanaraso visanipāto viya, attano nissayadahanaraso vā dāvaggi viya, dussanapaccupaṭṭhāno laddhokāso viya sapatto, yathāvuttaāghātavatthupadaṭṭhāno visasaṃsaṭṭhapūtimuttaṃ viya daṭṭhabbo. Pajahathāti samucchindatha. Tattha ye ime –

‘‘Pañcime, bhikkhave, āghātapaṭivinayā, yattha bhikkhuno uppanno āghāto sabbaso paṭivinetabbo. Katame pañca? Yasmiṃ, bhikkhave, puggale āghāto jāyetha, mettā tasmiṃ puggale bhāvetabbā…pe… karuṇā…pe… upekkhā, asatiamanasikāro tasmiṃ puggale āpajjitabbo, evaṃ tasmiṃ puggale āghāto paṭivinetabbo. Yasmiṃ, bhikkhave, puggale āghāto jāyetha, kammassakatā tasmiṃ puggale adhiṭṭhātabbā ‘kammassako ayamāyasmā kammadāyādo…pe… bhavissatī’’ti (a. ni. 5.161) –

Evaṃ pañca āghātappaṭivinayā vuttāyeva.

‘‘Pañcime, āvuso, āghātapaṭivinayā, yattha bhikkhuno uppanno āghāto sabbaso paṭivinetabbo. Katame pañca? Idhāvuso, ekacco puggalo aparisuddhakāyasamācāro hoti parisuddhavacīsamācāro; evarūpepi, āvuso, puggale āghāto paṭivinetabbo’’ti (a. ni. 5.162) –

Evamādināpi nayena pañca āghātapaṭivinayā vuttā, tesu yena kenaci āghātapaṭivinayavidhinā paccavekkhitvā. Apica yo –

‘‘Ubhatodaṇḍakena cepi, bhikkhave, kakacena corā ocarakā aṅgamaṅgāni okanteyyuṃ, tatrāpi yo mano padūseyya, na me so tena sāsanakaro’’ti (ma. ni. 1.232) satthu ovādo.

‘‘Tasseva tena pāpiyo, yo kuddhaṃ paṭikujjhati;

Kuddhaṃ appaṭikujjhanto, saṅgāmaṃ jeti dujjayaṃ.

‘‘Ubhinnamatthaṃ carati, attano ca parassa ca;

Paraṃ saṅkupitaṃ ñatvā, yo sato upasammati. (saṃ. ni. 1.188);

‘‘Sattime , bhikkhave, dhammā sapattakantā sapattakaraṇā kodhanaṃ āgacchanti itthiṃ vā purisaṃ vā. Katame satta? Idha, bhikkhave, sapatto sapattassa evaṃ icchati, ‘aho vatāyaṃ dubbaṇṇo assā’ti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Na, bhikkhave, sapatto sapattassa vaṇṇavatāya nandati. Kodhanoyaṃ, bhikkhave, purisapuggalo kodhābhibhūto kodhapareto kiñcāpi so hoti sunhāto suvilitto kappitakesamassu odātavatthavasano, atha kho so dubbaṇṇova hoti kodhābhibhūto. Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, paṭhamo dhammo sapattakanto sapattakaraṇo kodhanaṃ āgacchati itthiṃ vā purisaṃ vā.

‘‘Puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, sapatto sapattassa evaṃ icchati ‘aho vatāyaṃ dukkhaṃ sayeyyā’ti…pe… na pacurattho assāti…pe… na bhogavā assāti…pe… na yasavā assāti…pe… na mittavā assāti…pe… kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapajjeyyāti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Na, bhikkhave, sapatto sapattassa sugatigamane nandati. Kodhanoyaṃ, bhikkhave, purisapuggalo kodhābhibhūto kodhapareto kāyena duccaritaṃ carati, vācāya duccaritaṃ carati, manasā duccaritaṃ carati. So kāyena duccaritaṃ caritvā vācāya duccaritaṃ caritvā manasā duccaritaṃ caritvā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā…pe… nirayaṃ upapajjati kodhābhibhūto’’ti (a. ni. 7.64).

‘‘Kuddho atthaṃ na jānāti, kuddho dhammaṃ na passati…pe…. (a. ni. 7.64);

‘‘Kodhaṃ jahe vippajaheyya mānaṃ, saṃyojanaṃ sabbamatikkameyya. (dha. pa. 221);

‘‘Anatthajanano kodho, kodho cittappakopano…pe…. (a. ni. 7.64);

‘‘Kodhaṃ chetvā sukhaṃ seti, kodhaṃ chetvā na socati;

Kodhassa visamūlassa, madhuraggassa brāhmaṇā’’ti. (saṃ. ni. 1.187);

‘‘Ekāparādhaṃ khama bhūripañña,

Na paṇḍitā kodhabalā bhavantī’’ti. –

Evamādinā nayena dose ādīnave vuttappaṭipakkhato dosappahāne ānisaṃse ca paccavekkhitvā pubbabhāge dosaṃ tadaṅgappahānādivasena pajahitvā vipassanaṃ ussukkāpetvā tatiyamaggena sabbaso dosaṃ samucchindatha, pajahathāti tesaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ tattha niyojanaṃ. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘dosaṃ, bhikkhave, ekadhammaṃ pajahathā’’ti. Duṭṭhāseti āghātena dūsitacittatāya paduṭṭhā. Sesamettha yaṃ vattabbaṃ, taṃ paṭhamasuttavaṇṇanāyaṃ vuttanayameva.

Dutiyasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

3. Mohasuttavaṇṇanā

3. Tatiye mohanti aññāṇaṃ. Tañhi dukkhe aññāṇaṃ, dukkhasamudaye aññāṇaṃ, dukkhanirodhe aññāṇaṃ, dukkhanirodhagāminiyā paṭipadāya aññāṇantiādinā nayena vibhāgena anekappabhedampi muyhanti. Tena sayaṃ vā muyhati muyhanamattameva vā tanti mohoti vuccati. So cittassa andhabhāvalakkhaṇo, aññāṇalakkhaṇo vā, asampaṭivedharaso, ārammaṇasabhāvacchādanaraso vā, asammāppaṭipattipaccupaṭṭhāno, andhakārapaccupaṭṭhāno vā, ayonisomanasikārapadaṭṭhāno, sabbākusalānaṃ mūlanti daṭṭhabbo. Idhāpi pajahathāti padassa –

‘‘Mūḷho atthaṃ na jānāti, mūḷho dhammaṃ na passati;

Andhatamaṃ tadā hoti, yaṃ moho sahate naraṃ’’. (itivu. 88);

‘‘Anatthajanano moho…pe…. (itivu. 88);

‘‘Avijjā, bhikkhave, pubbaṅgamā akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ samāpattiyā’’ (itivu. 40);

‘‘Mohasambandhano loko, bhabbarūpova dissati’’; (Udā. 70);

‘‘Moho nidānaṃ kammānaṃ samudayāya’’ (a. ni. 3.34);

‘‘Mūḷho kho, brāhmaṇa, mohena abhibhūto pariyādinnacitto diṭṭhadhammikampi bhayaṃ veraṃ pasavati, samparāyikampi bhayaṃ veraṃ pasavatī’’ti ca –

Ādinā nayena ‘‘yo koci dhammo kāmacchandādisaṃkilesadhammehi nibbattetabbo, atthato sabbo so mohahetuko’’ti ca mohe ādīnavaṃ tappaṭipakkhato mohappahāne ānisaṃsañca paccavekkhitvā kāmacchandādippahānakkameneva pubbabhāge tadaṅgādivasena mohaṃ pajahantā tatiyamaggena yathāvuttalobhadosekaṭṭhaṃ mohaṃ samucchedavasena pajahathāti attho daṭṭhabbo. Anāgāmimaggavajjho eva hi moho idhādhippetoti. Mūḷhāseti kusalākusalasāvajjānavajjādibhede attano hitāhite sammūḷhā. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva.

Tatiyasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

4. Kodhasuttavaṇṇanā

4. Catutthe kodhanti dosaṃ. Doso eva hi kodhapariyāyena bujjhanakānaṃ puggalānaṃ ajjhāsayavasena evaṃ vutto. Tasmā dutiyasutte vuttanayenevettha attho veditabbo. Apica kujjhanalakkhaṇo kodho, āghātakaraṇaraso, cittassa byāpattibhāvapaccupaṭṭhāno, cetaso pūtibhāvoti daṭṭhabboti ayampi viseso veditabbo.

Catutthasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

5. Makkhasuttavaṇṇanā

5. Pañcame makkhanti paraguṇamakkhanaṃ. Yadipi hi so gūthaṃ gahetvā paraṃ paharanto viya attano karaṃ paṭhamataraṃ makkhatiyeva, tathāpi paresaṃ guṇamakkhanādhippāyena pavattetabbattā ‘‘paraguṇamakkhano’’ti vuccati. Tathā hi so udakapuñchanamiva nhātassa sarīragataṃ udakaṃ paresaṃ guṇe makkheti puñchati vināseti , parehi vā katānaṃ mahantānampi kārānaṃ khepanato dhaṃsanato makkhoti vuccati. So paraguṇamakkhanalakkhaṇo, tesaṃ vināsanaraso, tadavacchādanapaccupaṭṭhāno. Atthato pana paresaṃ guṇamakkhanākārena pavatto domanassasahagatacittuppādoti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Pajahathāti tattha vuttappabhedaṃ dosaṃ, dose ca vuttanayaṃ ādīnavaṃ, pahāne cassa ānisaṃsaṃ paccavekkhitvā pubbabhāge tadaṅgādivasena pajahantā vipassanaṃ ussukkāpetvā tatiyamaggena anavasesaṃ samucchindathāti attho. Makkhāseti makkhitā makkhitaparaguṇā, paresaṃ guṇānaṃ makkhitāro, tato eva attanopi dhaṃsitaguṇāti attho. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva.

Pañcamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

6. Mānasuttavaṇṇanā

6. Chaṭṭhe mānanti jātiādivatthukaṃ cetaso unnamanaṃ. So hi ‘‘seyyohamasmī’’tiādinā nayena maññanti tena, sayaṃ vā maññati, mānanaṃ sampaggahoti vā mānoti vuccati. Svāyaṃ seyyohamasmīti māno, sadisohamasmīti māno, hīnohamasmīti mānoti evaṃ tividho. Puna seyyassa seyyohamasmīti māno, seyyassa sadiso, seyyassa hīno; sadisassa seyyo, sadisassa sadiso, sadisassa hīno; hīnassa seyyo, hīnassa sadiso, hīnassa hīnohamasmīti mānoti evaṃ navavidhopi unnatilakkhaṇo, ahaṃkāraraso, sampaggaharaso vā, uddhumātabhāvapaccupaṭṭhāno, ketukamyatāpaccupaṭṭhāno vā, diṭṭhivippayuttalobhapadaṭṭhāno ummādo viyāti daṭṭhabbo. Pajahathāti tassa sabbassapi attukkaṃsanaparavambhananimittatā, garuṭṭhāniyesu abhivādanapaccupaṭṭhānaañjalikammasāmīcikammādīnaṃ akaraṇe kāraṇatā, jātimadapurisamadādibhāvena pamādāpattihetubhāvoti evamādibhedaṃ ādīnavaṃ tappaṭipakkhato niratimānatāya ānisaṃsañca paccavekkhitvā rājasabhaṃ anuppatto caṇḍālo viya sabrahmacārīsu nīcacittataṃ paccupaṭṭhapetvā pubbabhāge tadaṅgādivasena taṃ pajahantā vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā anāgāmimaggena samucchindathāti attho. Anāgāmimaggavajjho eva hi māno idhādhippeto. Mattāseti jātimadapurisamadādivasena mānena pamādāpattihetubhūtena mattā attānaṃ paggahetvā carantā. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva.

Imesu pana paṭipāṭiyā chasu suttesu gāthāsu vā anāgāmiphalaṃ pāpetvā desanā niṭṭhāpitā. Tattha ye ime avihā atappā sudassā sudassī akaniṭṭhāti upapattibhavavasena pañca anāgāmino, tesu avihesu upapannā avihā nāma. Te antarāparinibbāyī, upahaccaparinibbāyī, asaṅkhāraparinibbāyī, sasaṅkhāraparinibbāyī, uddhaṃsoto akaniṭṭhagāmīti pañcavidhā, tathā atappā, sudassā, sudassino. Akaniṭṭhesu pana uddhaṃsoto akaniṭṭhagāmī parihāyati. Tattha yo avihādīsu uppajjitvā āyuvemajjhaṃ anatikkamitvā arahattappattiyā kilesaparinibbānena parinibbāyati, ayaṃ antarāparinibbāyī nāma. Yo pana avihādīsu ādito pañcakappasatādibhedaṃ āyuvemajjhaṃ atikkamitvā parinibbāyati, ayaṃ upahaccaparinibbāyī nāma. Yo asaṅkhārena adhimattappayogaṃ akatvā appadukkhena akasirena parinibbāyati, ayaṃ asaṅkhāraparinibbāyī nāma. Yo pana sasaṅkhārena adhimattappayogaṃ katvā dukkhena kicchena kasirena parinibbāyati, ayaṃ sasaṅkhāraparinibbāyī nāma. Itaro pana avihādīsu uddhaṃvāhitabhāvena uddhamassa taṇhāsotaṃ, vaṭṭasotaṃ, maggasotameva vāti uddhaṃsoto. Avihādīsu uppajjitvā arahattaṃ pattuṃ asakkonto tattha tattha yāvatāyukaṃ ṭhatvā paṭisandhiggahaṇavasena akaniṭṭhaṃ gacchatīti akaniṭṭhagāmī.

Ettha ca uddhaṃsoto akaniṭṭhagāmī, uddhaṃsoto na akaniṭṭhagāmī, na uddhaṃsoto akaniṭṭhagāmī, na uddhaṃsoto na akaniṭṭhagāmīti catukkaṃ veditabbaṃ. Kathaṃ? Yo avihato paṭṭhāya cattāro devaloke sodhetvā akaniṭṭhaṃ gantvā parinibbāyati, ayaṃ uddhaṃsoto akaniṭṭhagāmī nāma. Yo pana heṭṭhā tayo devaloke sodhetvā sudassīdevaloke ṭhatvā parinibbāyati, ayaṃ uddhaṃsoto na akaniṭṭhagāmī nāma. Yo ito akaniṭṭhameva gantvā parinibbāyati , ayaṃ na uddhaṃsoto akaniṭṭhagāmī nāma. Yo pana heṭṭhā catūsu devalokesu tattha tattheva parinibbāyati, ayaṃ na uddhaṃsoto, na akaniṭṭhagāmī nāmāti.

Tattha avihesu uppajjitvā kappasatato uddhaṃ parinibbāyiko, dvinnaṃ kappasatānaṃ matthake parinibbāyiko, pañcakappasate asampatte parinibbāyikoti tayo antarāparinibbāyino. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘upapannaṃ vā samanantarā appattaṃ vā vemajjha’’nti (pu. pa. 36). Vā-saddena hi pattamattopi saṅgahitoti. Evaṃ tayo antarāparinibbāyino, eko upahaccaparinibbāyī eko uddhaṃsoto. Tesu asaṅkhāraparinibbāyino pañca, sasaṅkhāraparinibbāyino pañcāti dasa honti. Tathā atappāsudassāsudassīsūti cattāro dasakā cattārīsaṃ akaniṭṭhe pana uddhaṃsotassa abhāvato tayo antarāparinibbāyino, eko upahaccaparinibbāyīti asaṅkhāraparinibbāyino cattāro, sasaṅkhāraparinibbāyino cattāroti aṭṭha, evamete aṭṭhacattārīsaṃ anāgāmino. Te sabbepi imesu suttesu avisesavacanena gahitāti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Chaṭṭhasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

7. Sabbapariññāsuttavaṇṇanā

7. Sattame sabbanti anavasesaṃ. Anavasesavācako hi ayaṃ sabba-saddo. So yena yena sambandhaṃ gacchati, tassa tassa anavasesataṃ dīpeti; yathā ‘‘sabbaṃ rūpaṃ, sabbā vedanā, sabbasakkāyapariyāpannesu dhammesū’’ti. So panāyaṃ sabba-saddo sappadesanippadesavisayatāya duvidho. Tathā hesa sabbasabbaṃ, padesasabbaṃ, āyatanasabbaṃ, sakkāyasabbanti catūsu visayesu diṭṭhappayogo. Tattha ‘‘sabbe dhammā sabbākārena buddhassa bhagavato ñāṇamukhe āpāthamāgacchantī’’tiādīsu (cūḷani. mogharājamāṇavapucchāniddesa 85) sabbasabbasmiṃ āgato. ‘‘Sabbesaṃ vo, sāriputtā, subhāsitaṃ pariyāyenā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.345) padesasabbasmiṃ. ‘‘Sabbaṃ vo, bhikkhave, desessāmi, cakkhuñceva rūpañca…pe…. Manañceva dhamme cā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 4.23-25) ettha āyatanasabbasmiṃ. ‘‘Sabbadhammamūlapariyāyaṃ vo, bhikkhave, desessāmī’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.1) sakkāyasabbasmiṃ. Tattha sabbasabbasmiṃ āgato nippadesavisayo, itaresu tīsupi āgato sappadesavisayo . Idha pana sakkāyasabbasmiṃ veditabbo. Vipassanāya ārammaṇabhūtā tebhūmakadhammā hi idha ‘‘sabba’’nti anavasesato gahitā.

Anabhijānanti ‘‘ime dhammā kusalā, ime akusalā, ime sāvajjā, ime anavajjā’’tiādinā ‘‘ime pañcakkhandhā, imāni dvādasāyatanāni, imā aṭṭhārasa dhātuyo, idaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ, ayaṃ dukkhasamudayo ariyasacca’’nti ca ādinā sabbe abhiññeyye dhamme aviparītasabhāvato anabhijānanto abhivisiṭṭhena ñāṇena na jānanto. Aparijānanti na parijānanto. Yo hi sabbaṃ tebhūmakadhammajātaṃ parijānāti, so tīhi pariññāhi parijānāti – ñātapariññāya, tīraṇapariññāya, pahānapariññāya. Tattha katamā ñātapariññā? Sabbaṃ tebhūmakaṃ nāmarūpaṃ – ‘‘idaṃ rūpaṃ, ettakaṃ rūpaṃ, na ito bhiyyo. Idaṃ nāmaṃ, ettakaṃ nāmaṃ, na ito bhiyyo’’ti bhūtappasādādippabhedaṃ rūpaṃ, phassādippabhedaṃ nāmañca, lakkhaṇarasapaccupaṭṭhānapadaṭṭhānato vavatthapeti. Tassa avijjādikañca paccayaṃ pariggaṇhāti. Ayaṃ ñātapariññā. Katamā tīraṇapariññā? Evaṃ ñātaṃ katvā taṃ sabbaṃ tīreti aniccato dukkhato rogatoti dvācattālīsāya ākārehi. Ayaṃ tīraṇapariññā. Katamā pahānapariññā? Evaṃ tīrayitvā aggamaggena sabbasmiṃ chandarāgaṃ pajahati. Ayaṃ pahānapariññā.

Diṭṭhivisuddhikaṅkhāvitaraṇavisuddhiyopi ñātapariññā. Maggāmaggapaṭipadāñāṇadassanavisuddhiyo kalāpasammasanādianulomapariyosānā vā paññā tīraṇapariññā. Ariyamaggena pajahanaṃ pahānapariññā. Yo sabbaṃ parijānāti, so imāhi tīhi pariññāhi parijānāti. Idha pana virāgappahānānaṃ paṭikkhepavasena visuṃ gahitattā ñātapariññāya tīraṇapariññāya ca vasena parijānanā veditabbā. Yo panevaṃ na parijānāti, taṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ ‘‘aparijāna’’nti.

Tattha cittaṃ avirājayanti tasmiṃ abhiññeyyavisese pariññeyye attano cittasantānaṃ na virājayaṃ, na virajjanto; yathā tattha rāgo na hoti, evaṃ virāgānupassanaṃ na uppādentoti attho. Appajahanti vipassanāpaññāsahitāya maggapaññāya tattha pahātabbayuttakaṃ kilesavaṭṭaṃ anavasesato na pajahanto. Yathā cetaṃ, evaṃ abhijānanādayopi missakamaggavasena veditabbā. Pubbabhāge hi nānācittavasena ñātatīraṇapahānapariññāhi kamena abhijānanādīni sampādetvā maggakāle ekakkhaṇeneva kiccavasena taṃ sabbaṃ nipphādentaṃ ekameva ñāṇaṃ pavattatīti. Abhabbo dukkhakkhayāyāti nibbānāya sakalassa vaṭṭadukkhassa khepanāya na bhabbo, nālaṃ na samatthoti attho.

Sabbañca khoti ettha ca-saddo byatireke, kho-saddo avadhāraṇe. Tadubhayena abhijānanādito laddhabbaṃ visesaṃ dukkhakkhayassa ca ekantakāraṇaṃ dīpeti. Abhijānanādīsu yaṃ vattabbaṃ, taṃ vuttameva. Tattha pana paṭikkhepavasena vuttaṃ, idha vidhānavasena veditabbaṃ. Ayameva viseso. Apica abhijānanti upādānakkhandhapañcakasaṅkhātaṃ sakkāyasabbaṃ sarūpato paccayato ca ñāṇassa abhimukhīkaraṇavasena abhijānanto hutvā abhāvākārādipariggahena taṃ aniccādilakkhaṇehi paricchijjamānavasena parijānanto. Virājayanti sammadevassa aniccatādiavabodhena uppannabhayādīnavanibbidādiñāṇānubhāvena attano cittaṃ virattaṃ karonto tattha aṇumattampi rāgaṃ anuppādento. Pajahanti vuṭṭhānagāminivipassanāsahitāya maggapaññāya samudayapakkhiyaṃ kilesavaṭṭaṃ pajahanto samucchindanto. Bhabbo dukkhakkhayāyāti evaṃ kilesamalappahāneneva sabbassa kammavaṭṭassa parikkhīṇattā anavasesavipākavaṭṭakhepanāya sakalasaṃsāravaṭṭadukkhaparikkhayabhūtāya vā anupādisesāya nibbānadhātuyā bhabbo ekantenetaṃ pāpuṇitunti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo.

Yo sabbaṃ sabbato ñatvāti yo yuttayogo āraddhavipassako sabbaṃ tebhūmakadhammajātaṃ sabbato sabbabhāgena kusalādikkhandhādivibhāgato dukkhādipīḷanādivibhāgato ca. Atha vā sabbatoti sabbasmā kakkhaḷaphusanādilakkhaṇādito aniccādito cāti sabbākārato jānitvā vipassanāpubbaṅgamena maggañāṇena paṭivijjhitvā, vipassanāñāṇeneva vā jānanahetu. Sabbatthesu na rajjatīti sabbesu atītādivasena anekabhedabhinnesu sakkāyadhammesu na rajjati, ariyamaggādhigamena rāgaṃ na janeti. Imināssa taṇhāgāhassa abhāvaṃ dassento taṃ nimittattā diṭṭhamānaggāhānaṃ ‘‘etaṃ mama esohamasmi, eso me attā’’ti imassa micchāgāhattayassapi abhāvaṃ dasseti. Sa veti ettha sa-iti nipātamattaṃ. Ve-ti byattaṃ, ekaṃsenāti vā etasmiṃ atthe nipāto. Sabbapariññāti sabbaparijānanato, yathāvuttassa sabbassa abhisamayavasena parijānanato. Soti yathāvutto yogāvacaro, ariyo eva vā. Sabbadukkhamupaccagāti sabbaṃ vaṭṭadukkhaṃ accagā atikkami, samatikkamīti attho.

Sattamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

8. Mānapariññāsuttavaṇṇanā

8. Aṭṭhame apubbaṃ natthi, kevalaṃ mānavasena desanā pavattā. Gāthāsu pana mānupetā ayaṃ pajāti kammakilesehi pajāyatīti pajāti laddhanāmā ime sattā maññanalakkhaṇena mānena upetā upagatā. Mānaganthā bhave ratāti kimikīṭapaṭaṅgādiattabhāvepi mānena ganthitā mānasaṃyojanena saṃyuttā. Tato eva dīgharattaṃ paribhāvitāhaṃkāravasena ‘‘etaṃ mamā’’ti saṅkhāresu ajjhosānabahulattā tattha niccasukhaattādivipallāsavasena ca kāmādibhave ratā. Mānaṃ aparijānantāti mānaṃ tīhi pariññāhi na parijānantā. Arahattamaggañāṇena vā anatikkamantā, ‘‘mānaṃ apariññāyā’’ti keci paṭhanti. Āgantāro punabbhavanti puna āyātiṃ upapattibhavaṃ. Punappunaṃ bhavanato vā punabbhavasaṅkhātaṃ saṃsāraṃ aparāparaṃ parivattanavasena gantāro upagantāro honti, bhavato na parimuccantīti attho. Ye ca mānaṃ pahantvāna, vimuttā mānasaṅkhayeti ye pana arahattamaggena sabbaso mānaṃ pajahitvā mānassa accantasaṅkhayabhūte arahattaphale nibbāne vā tadekaṭṭhasabbakilesavimuttiyā vimuttā suṭṭhu muttā. Te mānaganthābhibhuno, sabbadukkhamupaccagunti te parikkhīṇabhavasaṃyojanā arahanto sabbaso mānaganthaṃ mānasaṃyojanaṃ samucchedappahānena abhibhavitvā ṭhitā, anavasesaṃ vaṭṭadukkhaṃ atikkamiṃsūti attho. Evametasmiṃ sattamasutte ca arahattaṃ kathitanti.

Aṭṭhamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

9-10. Lobhadosapariññāsuttadvayavaṇṇanā

9-10. Navamadasamesu apubbaṃ natthi. Desanāvilāsavasena tathā bujjhanakānaṃ veneyyānaṃ ajjhāsayavasena vā tathā desitānīti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Navamadasamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

Paṭhamavaggavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

2. Dutiyavaggo

1-3. Mohapariññādisuttavaṇṇanā

11-13. Dutiyavaggepi paṭhamādīni tīṇi suttāni vuttanayāneva, tathā desanākāraṇampi vuttameva.

4. Avijjānīvaraṇasuttavaṇṇanā

14. Catutthe – ‘‘nāhaṃ, bhikkhave’’tiādīsu na-kāro paṭisedhattho. Ahanti bhagavā attānaṃ niddisati. Aññanti idāni vattabbaavijjānīvaraṇato aññaṃ. Ekanīvaraṇampīti ekanīvaraṇadhammampi. Samanupassāmīti dve samanupassanā – diṭṭhisamanupassanā ca ñāṇasamanupassanā ca. Tattha ‘‘rūpaṃ attato samanupassatī’’tiādinā (a. ni. 4.200; paṭi. ma. 1.130) āgatā ayaṃ diṭṭhisamanupassanā nāma. ‘‘Aniccato samanupassati, no niccato’’tiādinā (paṭi. ma. 3.35) pana āgatā ayaṃ ñāṇasamanupassanā nāma. Idhāpi ñāṇasamanupassanāva adhippetā. ‘‘Samanupassāmī’’ti ca padassa na-kārena sambandho. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – ‘‘ahaṃ, bhikkhave, sabbaññutaññāṇasaṅkhātena samantacakkhunā sabbadhamme hatthāmalakaṃ viya olokentopi aññaṃ ekanīvaraṇampi na samanupassāmī’’ti.

Yena nīvaraṇena nivutā pajā dīgharattaṃ sandhāvanti saṃsarantīti yena nīvaraṇakasabhāvattā nīvaraṇena dhammasabhāvaṃ jānituṃ passituṃ paṭivijjhituṃ adatvā chādetvā pariyonandhitvā ṭhānena andhakārena nivutā sattā anādimatasaṃsāre aparimāṇe kappe mahantesu ceva khuddakesu ca bhavādīsu aparāparuppattivasena sabbato dhāvanti ceva saṃsaranti, ca. Ārammaṇantarasaṅkamanavasena vā sandhāvanaṃ, bhavantarasaṅkamanavasena saṃsaraṇaṃ. Kilesānaṃ balavabhāvena vā sandhāvanaṃ, dubbalabhāvena saṃsaraṇaṃ. Khaṇikamaraṇavasena vā ekajātiyaṃ sandhāvanaṃ, vohāramaraṇavasena anekāsu jātīsu saṃsaraṇaṃ. Cittavasena vā sandhāvanaṃ, ‘‘cittamassa vidhāvatī’’ti hi vuttaṃ, kammavasena saṃsaraṇaṃ. Evaṃ sandhāvanasaṃsaraṇānaṃ viseso veditabbo.

Yathayidanti yathā idaṃ. Ya-kāro padasandhikaro, sandhivasena rassattaṃ. Avijjānīvaraṇanti ettha pūretuṃ ayuttaṭṭhena kāyaduccaritādi avindiyaṃ nāma, aladdhabbanti attho. Taṃ avindiyaṃ vindatīti avijjā. Viparītato kāyasucaritādi vindiyaṃ nāma, taṃ vindiyaṃ na vindatīti avijjā. Khandhānaṃ rāsaṭṭhaṃ, āyatanānaṃ āyatanaṭṭhaṃ, dhātūnaṃ suññaṭṭhaṃ, indriyānaṃ ādhipateyyaṭṭhaṃ, saccānaṃ tathaṭṭhaṃ dukkhādīnaṃ pīḷanādivasena vuttaṃ catubbidhaṃ atthaṃ aviditaṃ karotītipi avijjā. Antavirahite saṃsāre satte javāpetīti vā avijjā, paramatthato vā avijjamānesu itthipurisādīsu javati pavattati, vijjamānesu khandhādīsu na javati, na pavattatīti avijjā. Apica cakkhuviññāṇādīnaṃ vatthārammaṇānaṃ paṭiccasamuppādapaṭiccasamuppannānañca dhammānaṃ chādanatopi avijjā. Avijjāva nīvaraṇanti avijjānīvaraṇaṃ.

Avijjānīvaraṇena hi, bhikkhave, nivutā pajā dīgharattaṃ sandhāvanti saṃsarantīti idaṃ purimasseva daḷhīkaraṇatthaṃ vuttaṃ. Purimaṃ vā – ‘‘yathayidaṃ, bhikkhave, avijjānīvaraṇa’’nti evaṃ opammadassanavasena vuttaṃ, idaṃ nīvaraṇānubhāvadassanavasena. Kasmā panettha avijjāva evaṃ vuttā, na aññe dhammāti? Ādīnavapaṭicchādanena kāmacchandādīnaṃ visesappaccayabhāvato. Tathā hi tāya paṭicchāditādīnave visaye kāmacchandādayo pavattanti.

Natthaññoti ādikā gāthā vuttassa avuttassa ca atthassa saṅgaṇhanavasena bhāsitā. Tattha nivutāti nivāritā paliguṇṭhitā, paṭicchāditāti attho. Ahorattanti divā ceva rattiñca, sabbakālanti vuttaṃ hoti. Yathāmohena āvutāti yena pakārena avijjānīvaraṇasaṅkhātena mohena āvutā paṭicchāditā suviññeyyampi ajānantiyo pajā saṃsāre saṃsaranti, tathārūpo añño ekadhammopi ekanīvaraṇampi natthīti yojetabbaṃ. Ye ca mohaṃ pahantvāna, tamokhandhaṃ padālayunti ye pana ariyasāvakā pubbabhāge tadaṅgādippahānavasena, heṭṭhimamaggehi vā taṃtaṃmaggavajjhaṃ mohaṃ pajahitvā aggamaggena vajirūpamañāṇena mohasaṅkhātameva tamorāsiṃ padālayiṃsu, anavasesato samucchindiṃsu. Na te puna saṃsarantīti te arahanto –

‘‘Khandhānañca paṭipāṭi, dhātuāyatanāna ca;

Abbocchinnaṃ vattamānā, saṃsāroti pavuccatī’’ti. –

Evaṃ vutte imasmiṃ saṃsāre na saṃsaranti na paribbhamanti. Kiṃ kāraṇā? Hetu tesaṃ na vijjati, yasmā saṃsārassa hetu mūlakāraṇaṃ avijjā, sā tesaṃ na vijjati, sabbaso natthi samucchinnattāti.

Catutthasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

5. Ḍtaṇhāsaṃyojanasuttavaṇṇanā

15. Pañcame yassa vijjati, taṃ puggalaṃ dukkhehi, kammaṃ vā vipākehi, bhavayonigativiññāṇaṭṭhitisattāvāse vā bhavantarādīhi saṃyojetīti saṃyojanaṃ. Taṇhāyanaṭṭhena taṇhā, tasati sayaṃ paritasati, tasanti vā etāyāti taṇhā. Saññuttāti cakkhādīsu abhinivesavatthūsu baddhā. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva. Kāmañcettha avijjāyapi saṃyojanabhāvo taṇhāya ca nīvaraṇabhāvo atthiyeva, tathāpi avijjāya paṭicchāditādīnavehi bhavehi taṇhā satte saṃyojetīti imassa visesassa dassanatthaṃ purimasutte avijjā nīvaraṇabhāvena, idha ca taṇhā saṃyojanabhāveneva vuttā. Kiñca nīvaraṇasaṃyojanappadhānassa dassanatthaṃ. Yathā hi nīvaraṇabhāvena avijjā saṃkilesadhammānaṃ padhānabhūtā pubbaṅgamā ca, evaṃ saṃyojanabhāvena nesaṃ taṇhāti tadadhīnappadhānabhāvaṃ dassetuṃ suttadvaye evamete dhammā vuttā. Apica visesena avijjā nibbānasukhaṃ nivāretīti ‘‘nīvaraṇa’’nti vuttā, taṇhā saṃsāradukkhena satte saṃyojetīti ‘‘saṃyojana’’nti.

Dassanagamanantarāyakaraṇato vā vijjācaraṇavipakkhato dvayaṃ dvidhā vuttaṃ. Vijjāya hi ujuvipaccanīkabhūtā avijjā nibbānadassanassa aviparītadassanassa ca visesato antarāyakarā, caraṇadhammānaṃ ujuvipaccanīkabhūtā taṇhā gamanassa sammāpaṭipattiyā antarāyakarāti; evamayaṃ avijjāya nivuto andhīkato taṇhāya saṃvuto baddho assutavā puthujjano andho viya baddho mahākantāraṃ, saṃsārakantāraṃ nātivattati. Anatthuppattihetudvayadassanatthampi dvayaṃ dvidhā vuttaṃ. Avijjāgato hi puggalo bālabhāvena atthaṃ parihāpeti, anatthañca attano karoti, akusalo viya āturo asappāyakiriyāya. Jānantopi bālo bālabhāvena atthaṃ parihāpeti, anatthañca karoti jānanto viya rogī asappāyasevī. Makkaṭālepopamasuttaṃ cetassa atthassa sādhakaṃ.

Paṭiccasamuppādassa mūlakāraṇadassanatthampettha dvayaṃ dvidhā vuttaṃ. Visesena hi sammohassa balavabhāvato avijjākhettaṃ atīto addhā, patthanāya balavabhāvato taṇhākhettaṃ anāgato addhā. Tathā hi bālajano sammohabahulo atītamanusocati, tassa avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārāti sabbaṃ netabbaṃ. Patthanābahulo anāgataṃ pajappati, tassa taṇhāpaccayā upādānantiādi sabbaṃ netabbaṃ. Teneva tāsaṃ pubbantāharaṇena aparantapaṭisandhānena cassa yathākkamaṃ mūlakāraṇatā dassitāti veditabbanti.

Gāthāsu taṇhādutiyoti taṇhāsahāyo. Taṇhā hi nirudakakantāre marīcikāya udakasaññā viya pipāsābhibhūtaṃ appaṭikāradukkhābhibhūtampi sattaṃ assādasandassanavasena sahāyakiccaṃ karontī bhavādīsu anibbindaṃ katvā paribbhamāpeti, tasmā taṇhā purisassa ‘‘dutiyā’’ti vuttā. Nanu ca aññepi kilesādayo bhavābhinibbattiyā paccayāva? Saccametaṃ, na pana tathā visesappaccayo yathā taṇhā. Tathā hi sā kusalehi vinā akusalehi, kāmāvacarādikusalehi ca vinā rūpāvacarādikusalehi bhavanibbattiyā visesappaccayo, yato samudayasaccanti vuccatīti. Itthabhāvaññathābhāvanti itthabhāvo ca aññathābhāvo ca itthabhāvaññathābhāvo. So etassa atthīti itthabhāvaññathābhāvo saṃsāro, taṃ tattha itthabhāvo manussattaṃ, aññathābhāvo tato avasiṭṭhasattāvāsā. Itthabhāvo vā tesaṃ tesaṃ sattānaṃ paccuppanno attabhāvo, aññathābhāvo anāgatattabhāvo. Evarūpo vā aññopi attabhāvo itthabhāvo, na evarūpo aññathābhāvo. Taṃ itthabhāvaññathābhāvaṃ saṃsāraṃ khandhadhātuāyatanapaṭipāṭiṃ nātivattati, na atikkamati.

Etamādīnavaṃ ñatvā, taṇhaṃ dukkhassa sambhavanti etaṃ sakalavaṭṭadukkhassa sambhavaṃ samudayaṃ taṇhaṃ ādīnavaṃ ādīnavato ñatvāti attho. Atha vā etamādīnavaṃ ñatvāti etaṃ yathāvuttaṃ saṃsāranātivattanaṃ ādīnavaṃ dosaṃ ñatvā. Taṇhaṃ dukkhassa sambhavanti taṇhañca vuttanayena vaṭṭadukkhassa padhānakāraṇanti ñatvā. Vītataṇho anādāno, sato bhikkhu, paribbajeti evaṃ tīhi pariññāhi parijānanto vipassanaṃ vaḍḍhetvā maggapaṭipāṭiyā taṇhaṃ vigamento aggamaggena sabbaso vītataṇho vigatataṇho, tato eva catūsu upādānesu kassacipi abhāvena āyatiṃ paṭisandhisaṅkhātassa vā ādānassa abhāvena anādāno, sativepullappattiyā sabbattha satokāritāya sato bhinnakileso bhikkhu paribbaje careyya, khandhaparinibbānena vā saṅkhārappavattito apagaccheyyāti attho.

Pañcamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

6. Paṭhamasekhasuttavaṇṇanā

16. Chaṭṭhe sekhassāti ettha kenaṭṭhena sekho? Sekkhadhammapaṭilābhato sekho. Vuttañhetaṃ –

‘‘Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, sekho hotīti? Idha, bhikkhu, sekhāya sammādiṭṭhiyā samannāgato hoti…pe… sekhena sammāsamādhinā samannāgato hoti. Ettāvatā kho, bhikkhu, sekho hotī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.13).

Apica sikkhatīti sekho. Vuttampi cetaṃ –

‘‘Sikkhatīti kho, bhikkhu, tasmā sekhoti vuccati. Kiñca sikkhati? Adhisīlampi sikkhati, adhicittampi sikkhati, adhipaññampi sikkhati. Sikkhatīti kho, bhikkhu, tasmā sekhoti vuccatī’’ti (a. ni. 3.86).

Yopi kalyāṇaputhujjano anulomappaṭipadāya paripūrakārī sīlasampanno indriyesu guttadvāro bhojane mattaññū jāgariyānuyogamanuyutto pubbarattāpararattaṃ bodhipakkhiyānaṃ dhammānaṃ bhāvanānuyogamanuyutto viharati – ‘‘ajja vā sve vā aññataraṃ sāmaññaphalaṃ adhigamissāmī’’ti, sopi vuccati sikkhatīti sekhoti. Imasmiṃ atthe na paṭivijjhantova sekho adhippeto, atha kho kalyāṇaputhujjanopi. Appattaṃ mānasaṃ etenāti appattamānaso. Mānasanti ‘‘antalikkhacaro pāso, yvāyaṃ carati mānaso’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.151; mahāva. 33) ettha rāgo mānasanti vutto. ‘‘Cittaṃ mano mānasa’’nti (dha. sa. 63, 65) ettha cittaṃ. ‘‘Appattamānaso sekho, kālaṃ kayirā jane sutā’’ti (saṃ. ni. 1.159) ettha arahattaṃ. Idhāpi arahattameva adhippetaṃ. Tena appattaarahattassāti vuttaṃ hoti.

Anuttaranti seṭṭhaṃ, asadisanti attho. Catūhi yogehi khemaṃ anupaddutanti yogakkhemaṃ, arahattameva adhippetaṃ. Patthayamānassāti dve patthanā taṇhāpatthanā, kusalacchandapatthanā ca. ‘‘Patthayamānassa hi jappitāni, pavedhitaṃ vāpi pakappitesū’’ti (su. ni. 908; mahāni. 137) ettha taṇhāpatthanā.

‘‘Chinnaṃ pāpimato sotaṃ, viddhastaṃ vinaḷīkataṃ;

Pāmojjabahulā hotha, khemaṃ patthetha bhikkhavo’’ti. (ma. ni. 1.352);

Ettha kattukamyatākusalacchandapatthanā, ayameva idhādhippetā. Tena patthayamānassāti taṃ yogakkhemaṃ gantukāmassa tanninnassa tappoṇassa tappabbhārassāti attho. Viharatoti ekaṃ iriyāpathadukkhaṃ aññena iriyāpathena vicchinditvā aparipatantaṃ attabhāvaṃ harato. Atha vā ‘‘sabbe saṅkhārā aniccāti adhimuccanto saddhāya viharatī’’tiādinā niddesanayena cettha attho daṭṭhabbo. Ajjhattikanti niyakajjhattasaṅkhāte ajjhatte bhavaṃ ajjhattikaṃ. Aṅganti kāraṇaṃ. Iti karitvāti evaṃ katvā. Na aññaṃ ekaṅgampi samanupassāmīti ettha ayaṃ saṅkhepattho – bhikkhave, ajjhattaṃ attano santāne samuṭṭhitaṃ kāraṇanti katvā aññaṃ ekakāraṇampi na samanupassāmi yaṃ evaṃ bahūpakāraṃ, yathayidaṃ yoniso manasikāroti upāyamanasikāro, pathamanasikāro, aniccādīsu aniccādinayeneva manasikāro, aniccānulomikena vā cittassa āvaṭṭanā anvāvaṭṭanā ābhogo samannāhāro manasikāro. Ayaṃ yoniso manasikāro.

Idāni yoniso manasikārassa ānubhāvaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘yoniso, bhikkhave, bhikkhu manasi karonto akusalaṃ pajahati, kusalaṃ bhāvetī’’ti vuttaṃ. Tattha yoniso manasi karontoti ‘‘idaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ, ayaṃ dukkhasamudayo ariyasaccaṃ, ayaṃ dukkhanirodho ariyasaccaṃ, ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā ariyasacca’’nti catūsu ariyasaccesu yoniso manasikāraṃ pavattento.

Tatrāyaṃ atthavibhāvanā – yadipi idaṃ suttaṃ avisesena sekkhapuggalavasena āgataṃ, catumaggasādhāraṇavasena pana saṅkhepeneva kammaṭṭhānaṃ kathayissāma. Yo catusaccakammaṭṭhāniko yogāvacaro ‘‘taṇhāvajjā tebhūmakā khandhā dukkhaṃ, taṇhā samudayo, ubhinnaṃ appavatti nirodho, nirodhasampāpako maggo’’ti evaṃ pubbe eva ācariyasantike uggahitacatusaccakammaṭṭhāno. So aparena samayena vipassanāmaggaṃ samāruḷho samāno tebhūmake khandhe ‘‘idaṃ dukkha’’nti yoniso manasi karoti, upāyena pathena samannāharati ceva vipassati ca. Vipassanā hi idha manasikārasīsena vuttā. Yā panāyaṃ tassa dukkhassa samuṭṭhāpikā purimabhavikā taṇhā, ayaṃ dukkhasamudayoti yoniso manasi karoti. Yasmā pana idaṃ dukkhaṃ, ayañca samudayo idaṃ ṭhānaṃ patvā nirujjhanti na pavattanti, tasmā yadidaṃ nibbānaṃ nāma , ayaṃ dukkhanirodhoti yoniso manasi karoti. Nirodhasampāpakaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ, ‘‘ayaṃ dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’’ti yoniso manasi karoti, upāyena pathena samannāharati ceva vipassati ca.

Tatrāyaṃ upāyo – abhiniveso nāma khandhe hoti, na vivaṭṭe, tasmā ayamattho – ‘‘imasmiṃ kāye pathavīdhātu, āpodhātū’’tiādinā (dī. ni. 2.378) nayena cattāri mahābhūtāni tadanusārena upādārūpāni ca pariggahetvā ‘‘ayaṃ rūpakkhandho’’ti vavatthapeti. Taṃ vavatthāpayato uppanne tadārammaṇe cittacetasikadhamme ‘‘ime cattāro arūpakkhandhā’’ti vavatthapeti. Tato ‘‘ime pañcakkhandhā dukkha’’nti vavatthapeti. Te pana saṅkhepato nāmañca rūpañcāti dve bhāgā honti. Idañca nāmarūpaṃ sahetu sappaccayaṃ uppajjati, tassa ayaṃ avijjābhavataṇhādiko hetu, ayaṃ āhārādiko paccayoti hetuppaccaye vavatthapeti. So tesaṃ paccayānañca paccayuppannānañca yāthāvasarasalakkhaṇaṃ vavatthapetvā ‘‘ime dhammā ahutvā bhavanti, hutvā nirujjhanti, tasmā aniccā’’ti aniccalakkhaṇaṃ āropeti, ‘‘udayabbayapaṭipīḷitattā dukkhā’’ti dukkhalakkhaṇaṃ āropeti, ‘‘avasavattanato anattā’’ti anattalakkhaṇaṃ āropeti.

Evaṃ tilakkhaṇāni āropetvā vipassanto udayabbayañāṇuppattiyā uppanne obhāsādike vipassanupakkilese ‘amaggo’ti udayabbayañāṇameva ‘‘ariyamaggassa upāyabhūto pubbabhāgamaggo’’ti maggāmaggaṃ vavatthapetvā puna udayabbayañāṇaṃ paṭipāṭiyā bhaṅgañāṇādīni ca uppādento sotāpattimaggādayo pāpuṇāti. Tasmiṃ khaṇe cattāri saccāni ekappaṭivedheneva paṭivijjhati, ekābhisamayena abhisameti. Tattha dukkhaṃ pariññāpaṭivedhena paṭivijjhanto, samudayaṃ pahānappaṭivedhena paṭivijjhanto sabbaṃ akusalaṃ pajahati, nirodhaṃ sacchikiriyāpaṭivedhena paṭivijjhanto maggaṃ bhāvanāpaṭivedhena paṭivijjhanto sabbaṃ kusalaṃ bhāveti. Ariyamaggo hi nippariyāyato kucchitasalanādiatthena kusalo, tasmiñca bhāvite sabbepi kusalā anavajjabodhipakkhiyadhammā bhāvanāpāripūriṃ gacchantīti. Evaṃ yoniso manasi karonto akusalaṃ pajahati, kusalaṃ bhāveti. Tathā hi vuttaṃ – ‘‘idaṃ dukkhanti yoniso manasi karoti, ayaṃ dukkhasamudayoti yoniso manasi karotī’’tiādi (ma. ni. 1.21). Aparampi vuttaṃ ‘‘yoniso manasikārasampannassetaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno pāṭikaṅkhaṃ – ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ bhāvessati, ariyaṃ aṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ bahulīkarissatī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.55).

Yonisomanasikāroti gāthāya ayaṃ saṅkhepattho – sikkhati, sikkhāpadāni tassa atthi, sikkhanasīloti vā sekho. Saṃsāre bhayaṃ ikkhatīti bhikkhu. Tassa sekhassa bhikkhuno uttamatthassa arahattassa pattiyā adhigamāya yathā yoniso manasikāro, evaṃ bahukāro bahūpakāro añño koci dhammo natthi. Kasmā? Yasmā yoniso upāyena manasikāraṃ purakkhatvā padahaṃ catubbidhasammappadhānavasena padahanto, khayaṃ dukkhassa pāpuṇe saṃkilesavaṭṭadukkhassa parikkhayaṃ pariyosānaṃ nibbānaṃ pāpuṇe adhigaccheyya, tasmā yoniso manasikāro bahukāroti.

Chaṭṭhasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

7. Dutiyasekhasuttavaṇṇanā

17. Sattame bāhiranti ajjhattasantānato bahi bhavaṃ. Kalyāṇamittatāti yassa sīlādiguṇasampanno aghassa ghātā , hitassa vidhātā sabbākārena upakārako mitto hoti, so puggalo kalyāṇamitto, tassa bhāvo kalyāṇamittatā. Tatrāyaṃ kalyāṇamitto pakatiyā saddhāsampanno hoti sīlasampanno sutasampanno cāgasampanno vīriyasampanno satisampanno samādhisampanno paññāsampanno. Tattha saddhāsampattiyā saddahati tathāgatassa bodhiṃ, tena sammāsambodhihetubhūtaṃ sattesu hitasukhesitaṃ na pariccajati, sīlasampattiyā sabrahmacārīnaṃ piyo hoti garu ca bhāvanīyo codako pāpagarahī vattā vacanakkhamo, sutasampattiyā khandhāyatanasaccapaṭiccasamuppādādikānaṃ gambhīrānaṃ kathānaṃ kattā hoti, cāgasampattiyā appiccho hoti santuṭṭho pavivitto asaṃsaṭṭho, vīriyasampattiyā attano paresañca hitappaṭipattiyaṃ āraddhavīriyo hoti, satisampattiyā upaṭṭhitassati hoti paramena satinepakkena samannāgato cirakatampi cirabhāsitampi saritā anussaritā, samādhisampattiyā avikkhitto hoti samāhito ekaggacitto, paññāsampattiyā aviparītaṃ pajānāti. So satiyā kusalākusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ gatiyo samanvesanto paññāya sattānaṃ hitasukhaṃ yathābhūtaṃ jānitvā samādhinā tattha abyaggacitto hutvā vīriyena satte ahitato nisedhetvā ekantahite niyojeti. Tenevāha –

‘‘Piyo garu bhāvanīyo, vattā ca vacanakkhamo;

Gambhīrañca kathaṃ kattā, no cāṭṭhāne niyojako’’ti. (netti. 113);

Kalyāṇamitto, bhikkhave, bhikkhu akusalaṃ pajahati, kusalaṃ bhāvetīti kalyāṇamitto puggalo kalyāṇamittaṃ nissāya kammassakatāñāṇaṃ uppādeti, uppannaṃ saddhaṃ phātiṃ karoti, saddhājāto upasaṅkamati upasaṅkamitvā dhammaṃ suṇāti. Taṃ dhammaṃ sutvā tathāgate saddhaṃ paṭilabhati, tena saddhāpaṭilābhena gharāvāsaṃ pahāya pabbajjaṃ anutiṭṭhati, catupārisuddhisīlaṃ sampādeti, yathābalaṃ dhutadhamme samādāya vattati, dasakathāvatthulābhī hoti, āraddhavīriyo viharati upaṭṭhitassati sampajāno pubbarattāpararattaṃ bodhipakkhiyānaṃ dhammānaṃ bhāvanānuyogamanuyutto, nacirasseva vipassanaṃ ussukkāpetvā ariyamaggādhigamena sabbaṃ akusalaṃ samucchindati, sabbañca kusalaṃ bhāvanāpāripūriṃ gamento vaḍḍheti. Vuttañhetaṃ –

‘‘Kalyāṇamittassetaṃ, meghiya, bhikkhuno pāṭikaṅkhaṃ kalyāṇasahāyassa kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa ‘yaṃ sīlavā bhavissati, pātimokkhasaṃvarasaṃvuto viharissati ācāragocarasampanno, aṇumattesu vajjesu, bhayadassāvī samādāya sikkhissati, sikkhāpadesu’.

‘‘Kalyāṇamittassetaṃ…pe… kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa ‘yaṃ yāyaṃ kathā abhisallekhikā cetovivaraṇasappāyā ekantanibbidāya…pe… nibbānāya saṃvattati. Seyyathidaṃ – appicchakathā, santuṭṭhikathā, pavivekakathā, asaṃsaggakathā, vīriyārambhakathā, sīlakathā, samādhikathā…pe… vimuttiñāṇadassanakathā. Evarūpāya kathāya nikāmalābhī bhavissati akicchalābhī akasiralābhī’.

‘‘Kalyāṇamittassetaṃ …pe… kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa ‘yaṃ āraddhavīriyo viharissati akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pahānāya kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ upasampadāya thāmavā daḷhaparakkamo anikkhittadhuro kusalesu dhammesu’.

‘‘Kalyāṇamittassetaṃ…pe… kalyāṇasampavaṅkassa ‘yaṃ paññavā bhavissati, udayatthagāminiyā paññāya samannāgato ariyāya nibbedhikāya sammā dukkhakkhayagāminiyā’’’ti (udā. 31).

Evaṃ sakalavaṭṭadukkhaparimuccananimittaṃ kalyāṇamittatāti veditabbaṃ. Tenevāha –

‘‘Mamañhi , ānanda, kalyāṇamittaṃ āgamma jātidhammā sattā jātiyā parimuccanti, jarādhammā sattā jarāya parimuccantī’’tiādi (saṃ. ni. 1.129).

Tena vuttaṃ – ‘‘kalyāṇamitto, bhikkhave, bhikkhu akusalaṃ pajahati, kusalaṃ bhāvetī’’ti.

Gāthāya sappatissoti patissavasaṅkhātena saha patissenāti sappatisso, kalyāṇamittassa ovādaṃ sirasā sampaṭicchako subbacoti attho. Atha vā hitasukhe patiṭṭhāpanena pati isetīti patisso, ovādadāyako. Garuādarayogena tena patissena saha vattatīti sappatisso, garūsu garucittīkārabahulo. Sagāravoti chabbidhenapi gāravena yutto. Karaṃ mittānaṃ vacananti kalyāṇamittānaṃ ovādaṃ karonto yathovādaṃ paṭipajjanto. Sampajānoti sattaṭṭhāniyena sampajaññena samannāgato. Patissatoti kammaṭṭhānaṃ phātiṃ , gametuṃ samatthāya satiyā patissato satokārī. Anupubbenāti sīlādivisuddhipaṭipāṭiyā, tattha ca vipassanāpaṭipāṭiyā ceva maggapaṭipāṭiyā ca. Sabbasaṃyojanakkhayanti kāmarāgasaṃyojanādīnaṃ sabbesaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ khepanato sabbasaṃyojanakkhayasaṅkhātassa ariyamaggassa pariyosānabhūtaṃ arahattaṃ, tassa ārammaṇabhūtaṃ nibbānameva vā. Pāpuṇe adhigaccheyyāti attho. Iti imesu dvīsu suttesu ariyamaggādhigamassa satthārā padhānaṅgaṃ nāma gahitanti veditabbaṃ.

Sattamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

8. Saṅghabhedasuttavaṇṇanā

18. Aṭṭhame ekadhammoti kataroyaṃ suttanikkhepo? Aṭṭhuppattiko. Tatrāyaṃ saṅkhepakathā – devadatto hi ajātasattuṃ duggahaṇaṃ gāhāpetvā tassa pitaraṃ rājānaṃ bimbisāraṃ tena mārāpetvāpi abhimāre payojetvāpi silāpavijjhanena lohituppādakammaṃ katvāpi na tāvatā pākaṭo jāto, nāḷāgiriṃ vissajjetvā pana pākaṭo jāto. Atha mahājano ‘‘evarūpampi nāma pāpaṃ gahetvā rājā vicaratī’’ti kolāhalaṃ akāsi, mahāghoso ahosi. Taṃ sutvā rājā attanā dīyamānāni pañca thālipākasatāni pacchindāpesi, upaṭṭhānampissa nāgamāsi. Nāgarāpi kulaṃ upagatassa kaṭacchubhattampissa nādaṃsu. So parihīnalābhasakkāro kohaññena jīvitukāmo satthāraṃ upasaṅkamitvā pañca vatthūni yācitvā ‘‘alaṃ, devadatta, yo icchati, so āraññiko hotū’’tiādinā (pārā. 409; cūḷava. 343) bhagavatā paṭikkhitto tehi pañcahi vatthūhi bālaṃ lūkhappasannaṃ janaṃ saññāpento pañcasate vajjiputtake salākaṃ gāhāpetvā saṅghaṃ bhinditvāva te ādāya gayāsīsaṃ agamāsi. Atha dve aggasāvakā satthu āṇāya tattha gantvā dhammaṃ desetvā te ariyaphale patiṭṭhāpetvā ānayiṃsu. Ye panassa saṅghabhedāya parakkamantassa laddhiṃ rocetvā tatheva paggayha ṭhitā saṅghe bhijjante bhinne ca samanuññā ahesuṃ, tesaṃ taṃ dīgharattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāya ahosi .

Devadattopi na cirasseva rogābhibhūto bāḷhagilāno maraṇakāle ‘‘satthāraṃ vandissāmī’’ti mañcakasivikāya nīyamāno jetavanapokkharaṇitīre ṭhapito pathaviyā vivare dinne patitvā avīcimhi nibbatti, yojanasatiko cassa attabhāvo ahosi kappaṭṭhiyo tālakkhandhaparimāṇehi ayasūlehi vinividdho. Devadattapakkhikāni ca pañcamattāni kulasatāni tassa laddhiyaṃ ṭhitāni saha bandhavehi niraye nibbattāni. Ekadivasaṃ bhikkhū dhammasabhāyaṃ kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ ‘‘āvuso, devadattena saṅghaṃ bhindantena bhāriyaṃ kammaṃ kata’’nti. Atha satthā dhammasabhaṃ upagantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte saṅghabhede ādīnavaṃ dassento imaṃ suttaṃ abhāsi. Keci pana bhaṇanti ‘‘devadattassa tappakkhikānañca tathā niraye nibbattabhāvaṃ disvā saṅghabhede ādīnavaṃ dassento bhagavā attano ajjhāsayeneva imaṃ suttaṃ desesī’’ti.

Tattha ekadhammoti eko akusalo mahāsāvajjadhammo. Loketi sattaloke. Uppajjamāno uppajjatīti ettha bhedasaṃvattanikesu bhaṇḍanādīsu saṅghe uppannesupi ‘‘dhammo adhammo’’tiādīsu aṭṭhārasabhedakaravatthūsu yassa kassaci dīpanavasena voharantesupi tattha rucijananatthaṃ anussāventesupi anussāvetvā salākāya gāhitāyapi saṅghabhedo uppajjamāno nāma hoti, salākāya pana gāhitāya cattāro vā atirekā vā yadā āveṇikaṃ uddesaṃ vā saṅghakammaṃ vā karonti, tadā saṅghabhedo uppajjati nāma. Kate pana tasmiṃ saṅghabhedo uppanno nāma? Kammaṃ, uddeso, vohāro, anussāvanā, salākaggāhoti imesu hi pañcasu saṅghassa bhedakāraṇesu kammaṃ vā uddeso vā pamāṇaṃ, vohārānussāvanasalākaggāhā pana pubbabhāgāti.

Bahujanāhitāyātiādīsu 0.mahājanassa jhānamaggādisampattinivāraṇena ahitāya, saggasampattinivāraṇena asukhāya, apāyūpapattihetubhāvena anatthāya. Akusaladhammavasena vā ahitāya, hitamattassapi abhāvā sugatiyampi nibbattanakakāyikacetasikadukkhāya uppajjatīti sambandho . Devamanussānanti idaṃ ‘‘bahuno janassā’’ti vuttesu ukkaṭṭhapuggalaniddeso. Aparo nayo – bahujanāhitāyāti bahujanassa mahato sattakāyassa ahitatthāya, diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikaanatthāyāti attho. Asukhāyāti diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyikaasukhatthāya, duvidhadukkhatthāyāti attho. Anatthāyāti paramatthapaṭikkhepāya. Nibbānañhi paramattho, tato uttariṃ attho natthi. Ahitāyāti maggapaṭikkhepāya. Nibbānasampāpakamaggato hi uttariṃ hitaṃ nāma natthi. Dukkhāyāti ariyasukhavirādhanena vaṭṭadukkhatāya. Ye hi ariyasukhato viraddhā taṃ adhigantuṃ abhabbā, te vaṭṭadukkhe paribbhamanti, ariyasukhato ca uttariṃ sukhaṃ nāma natthi. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘ayaṃ samādhi paccuppannasukho ceva āyatiñca sukhavipāko’’ti (dī. ni. 3.355; a. ni. 5.27).

Idāni ‘‘saṅghabhedo’’ti sarūpato dassetvā tassa ahitādīnaṃ ekantahetubhāvaṃ pakāsetuṃ ‘‘saṅghe kho pana, bhikkhave, bhinne’’tiādimāha. Tattha bhinneti nimittatthe bhummaṃ yathā ‘‘adhanānaṃ dhane ananuppadīyamāne’’ti (dī. ni. 3.91), bhedahetūti attho. Aññamaññaṃ bhaṇḍanānīti catunnaṃ parisānaṃ tappakkhikānañca ‘‘eso dhammo, neso dhammo’’ti aññamaññaṃ vivadanāni. Bhaṇḍanañhi kalahassa pubbabhāgo. Paribhāsāti ‘‘idañcidañca vo anatthaṃ karissāmā’’ti bhayuppādanavasena tajjanā. Parikkhepāti jātiādivasena parito khepā, dasahi akkosavatthūhi khuṃsanavambhanā. Pariccajanāti ukkhepaniyakammakaraṇādivasena nissāraṇā. Tatthāti tasmiṃ saṅghabhede, tannimitte vā bhaṇḍanādike. Appasannāti ratanattayaguṇānaṃ anabhiññā. Na pasīdantīti ‘‘dhammacārino samacārino’’tiādinā yvāyaṃ bhikkhūsu pasādanākāro, tathā na pasīdanti, tesaṃ vā sotabbaṃ saddhātabbaṃ na maññanti. Tathā ca dhamme satthari ca appasannāva honti. Ekaccānaṃ aññathattanti puthujjanānaṃ aviruḷhasaddhānaṃ pasādaññathattaṃ.

Gāthāyaṃ āpāyikotiādīsu apāye nibbattanārahatāya āpāyiko. Tatthapi avīcisaṅkhāte mahāniraye uppajjatīti nerayiko. Ekaṃ antarakappaṃ paripuṇṇameva katvā tattha tiṭṭhatīti kappaṭṭho. Saṅghabhedasaṅkhāte vagge ratoti vaggarato. Adhammiyatāya adhammo. Bhedakaravatthūhi saṅghabhedasaṅkhāte eva ca adhamme ṭhitoti adhammaṭṭho. Yogakkhemā padhaṃsatīti yogakkhemato hitato padhaṃsati parihāyati, catūhi vā yogehi anupaddutattā yogakkhemaṃ nāma arahattaṃ nibbānañca, tato panassa dhaṃsane vattabbameva natthi. Diṭṭhisīlasāmaññato saṃhataṭṭhena saṅghaṃ, tato eva ekakammādividhānayogena samaggaṃ sahitaṃ. Bhetvānāti pubbe vuttalakkhaṇena saṅghabhedena bhinditvā. Kappanti āyukappaṃ. So panettha antarakappova. Nirayamhīti avīcimahānirayamhi.

Aṭṭhamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

9. Saṅghasāmaggīsuttavaṇṇanā

19. Navame ekadhammoti eko kusaladhammo anavajjadhammo. ‘‘Ayaṃ dhammo, nāyaṃ dhammo’’tiādinā sace saṅghe vivādo uppajjeyya, tattha dhammakāmena viññunā iti paṭisañcikkhitabbaṃ ‘‘ṭhānaṃ kho, panetaṃ vijjati, yadidaṃ vivādo vaḍḍhamāno saṅgharājiyā vā saṅghabhedāya vā saṃvatteyyā’’ti. Sace taṃ adhikaraṇaṃ attanā paggahetvā ṭhito, aggiṃ akkantena viya sahasā tato oramitabbaṃ. Atha parehi taṃ paggahitaṃ sayañcetaṃ sakkoti vūpasametuṃ, ussāhajāto hutvā dūrampi gantvā tathā paṭipajjitabbaṃ, yathā taṃ vūpasammati. Sace pana sayaṃ na sakkoti, so ca vivādo uparūpari vaḍḍhateva, na vūpasammati. Ye tattha patirūpā sikkhākāmā sabrahmacārino, te ussāhetvā yena dhammena yena vinayena yena satthusāsanena taṃ adhikaraṇaṃ yathā vūpasammati, tathā vūpasametabbaṃ. Evaṃ vūpasamentassa yo saṅghasāmaggikaro kusalo dhammo, ayamettha ekadhammoti adhippeto. So hi ubhatopakkhiyānaṃ dveḷhakajātānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ, tesaṃ anuvattanavasena ṭhitānaṃ bhikkhunīnaṃ upāsakānaṃ upāsikānaṃ tesaṃ ārakkhadevatānaṃ yāvadeva brahmānampi uppajjanārahaṃ ahitaṃ dukkhāvahaṃ saṃkilesadhammaṃ apanetvā mahato puññarāsissa kusalābhisandassa hetubhāvato sadevakassa lokassa hitasukhāvaho hoti. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘ekadhammo, bhikkhave, loke uppajjamāno uppajjati bahujanahitāyā’’tiādi. Tassattho anantarasutte vuttavipariyāyena veditabbo. Saṅghasāmaggīti saṅghassa samaggabhāvo bhedābhāvo ekakammatā ekuddesatā ca.

Gāthāyaṃ sukhā saṅghassa sāmaggīti sukhassa paccayabhāvato sāmaggī sukhāti vuttā. Yathā ‘‘sukho buddhānamuppādo’’ti (dha. pa. 194). Samaggānañcanuggahoti samaggānaṃ sāmaggianumodanena anuggaṇhanaṃ sāmaggianurūpaṃ, yathā te sāmaggiṃ na vijahanti, tathā gahaṇaṃ ṭhapanaṃ anubalappadānanti attho. Saṅghaṃ samaggaṃ katvānāti bhinnaṃ saṅghaṃ rājipattaṃ vā samaggaṃ sahitaṃ katvā. Kappanti āyukappameva. Saggamhi modatīti kāmāvacaradevaloke aññe deve dasahi ṭhānehi abhibhavitvā dibbasukhaṃ anubhavanto icchitanipphattiyāva modati pamodati lalati kīḷatīti.

Navamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

10. Paduṭṭhacittasuttavaṇṇanā

20. Dasamassa kā uppatti? Aṭṭhuppattiyeva. Ekadivasaṃ kira bhikkhū dhammasabhāyaṃ sannisinnā kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ – ‘‘āvuso, idhekacco bahuṃ puññakammaṃ karoti, ekacco bahuṃ pāpakammaṃ, ekacco ubhayavomissakaṃ karoti. Tattha vomissakārino kīdiso abhisamparāyo’’ti? Atha satthā dhammasabhaṃ upaganvā paññattavarabuddhāsane nisinno taṃ kathaṃ sutvā ‘‘bhikkhave, maraṇāsannakāle saṃkiliṭṭhacittassa duggati pāṭikaṅkhā’’ti dassento imāya aṭṭhuppattiyā idaṃ suttaṃ desesi.

Tattha idhāti desāpadese nipāto. Svāyaṃ katthaci padesaṃ upādāya vuccati ‘‘idheva tiṭṭhamānassa, devabhūtassa me sato’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 2.369). Katthaci sāsanaṃ upādāya ‘‘idheva, bhikkhave, samaṇo idha dutiyo samaṇo’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.139; a. ni. 4.241). Katthaci padapūraṇamatte ‘‘idhāhaṃ, bhikkhave, bhuttāvī assaṃ pavārito’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.30). Katthaci lokaṃ upādāya vuccati ‘‘idha tathāgato loke uppajjatī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 3.61). Idhāpi loke eva daṭṭhabbo. Ekaccanti ekaṃ, aññataranti attho. Puggalanti sattaṃ. So hi yathāpaccayaṃ kusalākusalānaṃ tabbipākānañca pūraṇato maraṇavasena galanato ca puggaloti vuccati. Paduṭṭhacittanti padosena āghātena duṭṭhacittaṃ. Atha vā paduṭṭhacittanti dosena rāgādinā padūsitacittaṃ. Ettha ca ekaccanti idaṃ paduṭṭhacittassa puggalassa visesanaṃ. Yassa hi paṭisandhidāyakakammaṃ okāsamakāsi, so tathā vutto. Yassa ca akusalappavattito cittaṃ nivattetvā kusalavasena otāretuṃ na sakkā, evaṃ āsannamaraṇo. Evanti idāni vattabbākāraṃ dasseti. Cetasāti attano cittena cetopariyañāṇena. Cetoti tassa puggalassa cittaṃ. Pariccāti paricchinditvā pajānāmi. Nanu ca yathākammupagañāṇassāyaṃ visayoti? Saccametaṃ, tadā pavattamānaakusalacittavasena panetaṃ vuttaṃ.

Imamhicāyaṃ samayeti imasmiṃ kāle, imāyaṃ vā paccayasāmaggiyaṃ, ayaṃ puggalo javanavīthiyā aparabhāge kālaṃ kareyya ceti attho. Na hi javanakkhaṇe kālaṃkiriyā atthi. Yathābhataṃ nikkhitto evaṃ nirayeti yathā ābhataṃ kiñci āharitvā ṭhapitaṃ, evaṃ attano kammunā nikkhitto niraye ṭhapito evāti attho. Kāyassa bhedāti upādinnakkhandhapariccāgā. Paraṃ maraṇāti tadanantaraṃ abhinibbattakkhandhaggahaṇe. Atha vā kāyassa bhedāti jīvitindriyassa upacchedā. Paraṃ maraṇāti cutito uddhaṃ.

Apāyantiādi sabbaṃ nirayasseva vevacanaṃ. Nirayo hi ayasaṅkhātā sukhā apetoti apāyo; saggamokkhahetubhūtā vā puññasammatā ayā apetotipi apāyo. Dukkhassa gati paṭisaraṇanti duggati; dosabahulattā vā duṭṭhena kammunā nibbattā gatītipi duggati. Vivasā nipatanti ettha dukkaṭakammakārino, vinassantā vā ettha nipatanti sambhijjamānaṅgapaccaṅgāti vinipāto. Natthi ettha assādasaññito ayoti nirassādaṭṭhena nirayo. Atha vā apāyaggahaṇena tiracchānayoni vuccati. Tiracchānayoni hi apāyo sugatito apetattā, na duggati mahesakkhānaṃ nāgarājādīnaṃ sambhavato. Duggatiggahaṇena pettivisayo. So hi apāyo ceva duggati ca sugatito apetattā dukkhassa ca gatibhūtattā, na vinipāto asurasadisaṃ avinipātattā. Vinipātaggahaṇena asurakāyo. So hi yathāvuttena atthena apāyo ceva duggati ca, sabbasampattisamussayehi vinipatitattā vinipātoti ca vuccati. Nirayaggahaṇena avīciādianekappakāro nirayova vuccati. Idha pana sabbapadehipi nirayova vutto. Upapajjantīti paṭisandhiṃ gaṇhanti.

Gāthāsu paṭhamagāthā saṅgītikāle dhammasaṅgāhakattherehi ṭhapitā. Ñatvānāti pubbakālakiriyā. Ñāṇapubbakañhi byākaraṇaṃ. Hetuattho vā tvā-saddo yathā ‘‘sīhaṃ disvā bhayaṃ hotī’’ti, jānanahetūti attho . Buddho, bhikkhūnaṃ santiketi buddho bhagavā attano santike bhikkhūnaṃ etaṃ parato dvīhi gāthāhi vuccamānaṃ atthaṃ byākāsi. Sesaṃ vuttanayameva.

Dasamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

Dutiyavaggavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

3. Tatiyavaggo

1. Pasannacittasuttavaṇṇanā

21. Tatiyavaggassa paṭhame pasannacittanti ratanattayasaddhāya kammaphalasaddhāya ca pasannamānasaṃ. Sugatinti sundaraṃ gatiṃ, sukhassa vā gatinti sugatiṃ. Sagganti rūpādisampattīhi suṭṭhu agganti saggaṃ. Lokanti lokiyanti ettha puññapāpaphalāni, lujjanaṭṭheneva vā lokaṃ. Ettha ca sugatiggahaṇena manussagatipi saṅgayhati, saggaggahaṇena devagati eva. Sesaṃ heṭṭhā vuttanayameva.

Paṭhamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

2. Mettasuttavaṇṇanā

22. Dutiye mā, bhikkhave, puññānanti ettha māti paṭisedhe nipāto. Puññasaddo ‘‘kusalānaṃ, bhikkhave, dhammānaṃ samādānahetu evamidaṃ puññaṃ pavaḍḍhatī’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 3.380) puññaphale āgato. ‘‘Avijjāgatoyaṃ, bhikkhave, purisapuggalo puññañce saṅkhāraṃ abhisaṅkharotī’’tiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 2.51) kāmarūpāvacarasucarite. ‘‘Puññūpagaṃ bhavati viññāṇa’’ntiādīsu sugativisesabhūte upapattibhave. ‘‘Tīṇimāni, bhikkhave, puññakiriyavatthūni – dānamayaṃ puññakiriyavatthu, sīlamayaṃ puññakiriyavatthu, bhāvanāmayaṃ puññakiriyavatthū’’tiādīsu (itivu. 60; a. ni. 8.36) kusalacetanāyaṃ. Idha pana tebhūmakakusaladhamme veditabbo. Bhāyitthāti ettha duvidhaṃ bhayaṃ ñāṇabhayaṃ, sārajjabhayanti. Tattha ‘‘yepi te, bhikkhave, devā dīghāyukā vaṇṇavanto sukhabahulā uccesu vimānesu ciraṭṭhitikā , tepi tathāgatassa dhammadesanaṃ sutvā yebhuyyena bhayaṃ saṃvegaṃ santāsaṃ āpajjantī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 4.33) āgataṃ ñāṇabhayaṃ. ‘‘Ahudeva bhayaṃ, ahu chambhitattaṃ, ahu lomahaṃso’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 2.318) āgataṃ sārajjabhayaṃ. Idhāpi sārajjabhayameva. Ayañhettha attho – bhikkhave, dīgharattaṃ kāyavacīsaṃyamo vattapaṭivattapūraṇaṃ ekāsanaṃ, ekaseyyaṃ, indriyadamo, dhutadhammehi cittassa niggaho, satisampajaññaṃ, kammaṭṭhānānuyogavasena vīriyārambhoti evamādīni yāni bhikkhunā, nirantaraṃ pavattetabbāni puññāni, tehi mā bhāyittha, mā bhayaṃ santāsaṃ āpajjittha, ekaccassa diṭṭhadhammasukhassa uparodhabhayena samparāyikanibbānasukhadāyakehi puññehi mā bhāyitthāti. Nissakke hi idaṃ sāmivacanaṃ.

Idāni tato abhāyitabbabhāve kāraṇaṃ dassento ‘‘sukhasseta’’ntiādimāha. Tattha sukhasaddo ‘‘sukho buddhānaṃ uppādo, sukhā virāgatā loke’’tiādīsu (dha. pa. 194) sukhamūle āgato. ‘‘Yasmā ca kho, mahāli, rūpaṃ sukhaṃ sukhānupatitaṃ sukhāvakkanta’’ntiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 3.60) sukhārammaṇe. ‘‘Yāvañcidaṃ, bhikkhave, na sukaraṃ akkhānena pāpuṇituṃ yāva sukhā saggā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 3.255) sukhapaccayaṭṭhāne. ‘‘Sukho puññassa uccayo’’tiādīsu (dha. pa. 118) sukhahetumhi. ‘‘Diṭṭhadhammasukhavihārā ete dhammā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 1.82) abyāpajje. ‘‘Nibbānaṃ paramaṃ sukha’’ntiādīsu (dha. pa. 204; ma. ni. 2.215) nibbāne. ‘‘Sukhassa ca pahānā’’tiādīsu (cūḷani. khaggavisāṇasuttaniddesa 125) sukhavedanāyaṃ. ‘‘Adukkhamasukhaṃ santaṃ, sukhamicceva bhāsita’’ntiādīsu (saṃ. ni. 4.253; itivu. 53) upekkhāvedanāyaṃ. ‘‘Dvepi mayā, ānanda, vedanā vuttā pariyāyena sukhā vedanā, dukkhā vedanā’’tiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.89) iṭṭhasukhe. ‘‘Sukho vipāko puññāna’’ntiādīsu (peṭako. 23) sukhavipāke. Idhāpi iṭṭhavipāke eva daṭṭhabbo. Iṭṭhassātiādīsu esitabbato aniṭṭhapaṭikkhepato ca iṭṭhassa, kamanīyato manasmiñca kamanato pavisanato kantassa, piyāyitabbato santappanato ca piyassa, mānanīyato manassa pavaḍḍhanato ca manāpassāti attho veditabbo. Yadidaṃ puññānīti ‘‘puññānī’’ti yadidaṃ vacanaṃ, etaṃ sukhassa iṭṭhassa vipākassa adhivacanaṃ nāmaṃ, sukhameva taṃ yadidaṃ puññanti phalena kāraṇassa abhedūpacāraṃ vadati. Tena katūpacitānaṃ puññānaṃ avassaṃbhāviphalaṃ sutvā appamattena sakkaccaṃ puññāni kātabbānīti puññakiriyāyaṃ niyojeti, ādarañca nesaṃ tattha uppādeti.

Idāni attanā sunettakāle katena puññakammena dīgharattaṃ paccanubhūtaṃ bhavantarapaṭicchannaṃ uḷāratamaṃ puññavipākaṃ udāharitvā tamatthaṃ pākaṭaṃ karonto ‘‘abhijānāmi kho panāha’’ntiādimāha. Tattha abhijānāmīti abhivisiṭṭhena ñāṇena jānāmi, paccakkhato bujjhāmi. Dīgharattanti cirakālaṃ. Puññānanti dānādikusaladhammānaṃ. Satta vassānīti satta saṃvaccharāni . Mettacittanti mijjatīti mettā, siniyhatīti attho. Mitte bhavā, mittassa vā esā pavattītipi mettā. Lakkhaṇādito pana hitākārappavattilakkhaṇā, hitūpasaṃhārarasā, āghātavinayapaccupaṭṭhānā, sattānaṃ manāpabhāvadassanapadaṭṭhānā. Byāpādūpasamo etissā sampatti, sinehāsambhavo vipatti. Sā etassa atthīti mettacittaṃ. Bhāvetvāti mettāsahagataṃ cittaṃ, cittasīsena samādhi vuttoti mettāsamādhiṃ mettābrahmavihāraṃ uppādetvā ceva vaḍḍhetvā ca. Satta saṃvaṭṭavivaṭṭakappeti satta mahākappe. Saṃvaṭṭa-vivaṭṭaggahaṇeneva hi saṃvaṭṭaṭṭhāyi-vivaṭṭaṭṭhāyinopi gahitā. Imaṃ lokanti kāmalokaṃ. Saṃvaṭṭamāne sudanti saṃvaṭṭamāne. Sudanti nipātamattaṃ vinassamāneti attho. ‘‘Saṃvattamāne suda’’nti ca paṭhanti. Kappeti kāle. Kappasīsena hi kālo vutto. Kāle khīyamāne kappopi khīyateva. Yathāha –

‘‘Kālo ghasati bhūtāni, sabbāneva sahattanā’’ti. (jā. 1.2.190);

‘‘Ābhassarūpago homī’’ti vuttattā tejosaṃvaṭṭavasenettha kappavuṭṭhānaṃ veditabbaṃ. Ābhassarūpagoti tattha paṭisandhiggahaṇavasena ābhassarabrahmalokaṃ upagacchāmīti ābhassarūpago homi. Vivaṭṭamāneti saṇṭhahamāne, jāyamāneti attho. Suññaṃ brahmavimānaṃ upapajjāmīti kassaci sattassa tattha nibbattassa abhāvato suññaṃ, yaṃ paṭhamajjhānabhūmisaṅkhātaṃ brahmavimānaṃ ādito nibbattaṃ, taṃ paṭisandhiggahaṇavasena upapajjāmi upemi. Brahmāti kāmāvacarasattehi seṭṭhaṭṭhena tathā tathā brūhitaguṇatāya brahmavihārato nibbattaṭṭhena ca brahmā. Brahmapārisajjabrahmapurohitehi mahanto brahmāti mahābrahmā. Tato eva te abhibhavitvā ṭhitattā abhibhū. Tehi kenaci guṇena na abhibhūtoti anabhibhūto. Aññadatthūti ekaṃsavacane nipāto. Dasoti dassanasīlo, so atītānāgatapaccuppannānaṃ dassanasamattho, abhiññāṇena passitabbaṃ passāmīti attho. Sesabrahmānaṃ iddhipādabhāvanābalena attano cittañca mama vase vattemīti vasavattī homīti yojetabbaṃ. Tadā kira bodhisatto aṭṭhasamāpattilābhīpi samāno tathā sattahitaṃ attano pāramiparipūraṇañca olokento tāsu eva dvīsu jhānabhūmīsu nikantiṃ uppādetvā mettābrahmavihāravasena aparāparaṃ saṃsari. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘sattavassāni…pe… vasavattī’’ti.

Evaṃ bhagavā rūpāvacarapuññassa vipākamahantataṃ pakāsetvā idāni kāmāvacarapuññassāpi taṃ dassento ‘‘chattiṃsakkhattu’’ntiādimāha. Tattha sakko ahosinti chattiṃsa vāre aññattha anupapajjitvā nirantaraṃ sakko devānamindo tāvatiṃsadevarājā ahosi. Rājā ahosintiādīsu catūhi acchariyadhammehi catūhi ca saṅgahavatthūhi lokaṃ rañjetīti rājā. Cakkaratanaṃ vatteti, catūhi sampatticakkehi vattati, tehi ca paraṃ vatteti, parahitāya ca iriyāpathacakkānaṃ vatto etasmiṃ atthīti cakkavattī. Rājāti cettha sāmaññaṃ, cakkavattīti visesaṃ. Dhammena caratīti dhammiko. Ñāyena samena vattatīti attho. Dhammeneva rajjaṃ labhitvā rājā jātoti dhammarājā. Parahitadhammacaraṇena vā dhammiko, attahitadhammacaraṇena dhammarājā, caturantāya issaroti cāturanto, catusamuddantāya catubbidhadīpavibhūsitāya ca pathaviyā issaroti attho. Ajjhattaṃ kopādipaccatthike, bahiddhā ca sabbarājāno adaṇḍena asatthena vijesīti vijitāvī. Janapade thāvarabhāvaṃ dhuvabhāvaṃ patto, na sakkā kenaci tato cāletuṃ janapado vā tamhi thāvariyappatto anuyutto sakammanirato acalo asampavedhīti janapadatthāvariyappatto.

Cakkaratanaṃ, hatthiratanaṃ, assaratanaṃ, maṇiratanaṃ, itthiratanaṃ, gahapatiratanaṃ, pariṇāyakaratananti imehi sattahi ratanehi samupetoti sattaratanasamannāgato. Tesu hi rājā cakkavatti cakkaratanena ajitaṃ jināti, hatthiassaratanehi vijite sukheneva anuvicarati, pariṇāyakaratanena vijitamanurakkhati, sesehi upabhogasukhamanubhavati. Paṭhamena cassa ussāhasattiyogo , pacchimena mantasattiyogo, hatthiassagahapatiratanehi pabhūsattiyogo suparipuṇṇo hoti, itthimaṇiratanehi tividhasattiyogaphalaṃ. So itthimaṇiratanehi paribhogasukhamanubhavati, sesehi upabhogasukhaṃ. Visesato cassa purimāni tīṇi adosakusalamūlajanitakammānubhāvena sampajjanti, majjhimāni alobhakusalamūlajanitakammānubhāvena, pacchimamekaṃ amohakusalamūlajanitakammānubhāvenāti veditabbaṃ padesarajjassāti khuddakarajjassa.

Etadahosīti attano sampattiyo paccavekkhantassa pacchime cakkavattikāle etaṃ ‘‘kissa nu kho me idaṃ kammassa phala’’ntiādikaṃ ahosi. Sabbatthakameva tasmiṃ tasmimpi bhave etadahosiyeva. Tatthāyaṃ cakkavattikālavasena yojanā. Evaṃmahiddhikoti maṇiratanahatthiratanādippamukhāya kosavāhanasampattiyā janapadatthāvariyappattiyā ca evaṃmahiddhiko. Evaṃmahānubhāvoti cakkaratanādisamannāgamena kassacipi pīḷaṃ akarontova sabbarājūhi sirasā sampaṭicchitasāsanavehāsagamanādīhi evaṃ mahānubhāvo. Dānassāti annādideyyadhammapariccāgassa. Damassāti cakkhādiindriyadamanassa ceva samādhānavasena rāgādikilesadamanassa ca. Saṃyamassāti kāyavacīsaṃyamassa. Tattha yaṃ samādhānavasena kilesadamanaṃ, taṃ bhāvanāmayaṃ puññaṃ , tañca kho mettābrahmavihārabhūtaṃ idhādhippetaṃ. Tasmiñca upacārappanābhedena duvidhe yaṃ appanāppattaṃ, tenassa yathāvuttāsu dvīsu jhānabhūmīsu upapatti ahosi. Itarena tividhenāpi yathārahaṃ pattacakkavattiādibhāvoti veditabbaṃ.

Iti bhagavā attānaṃ kāyasakkhi katvā puññānaṃ vipākamahantataṃ pakāsetvā idāni tamevatthaṃ gāthābandhena dassento ‘‘puññamevā’’tiādimāha. Tattha puññameva so sikkheyyāti yo atthakāmo kulaputto, so puññaphalanibbattanato, attano santānaṃ punanato ca ‘‘puñña’’nti laddhanāmaṃ tividhaṃ kusalameva sikkheyya niveseyya upacineyya pasaveyyāti attho. Āyatagganti vipulaphalatāya uḷāraphalatāya āyataggaṃ, piyamanāpaphalatāya vā āyatiṃ uttamanti āyataggaṃ, āyena vā yonisomanasikārādippaccayena uḷāratamena agganti āyataggaṃ . Takāro padasandhikaro. Atha vā āyena puññaphalena aggaṃ padhānanti āyataggaṃ. Tato eva sukhudrayaṃ sukhavipākanti attho.

Katamaṃ pana taṃ puññaṃ, kathañca naṃ sikkheyyāti āha ‘‘dānañca samacariyañca, mettacittañca bhāvaye’’ti. Tattha samacariyanti kāyavisamādīni vajjetvā kāyasamādicaritaṃ , suvisuddhaṃ sīlanti attho. Bhāvayeti attano santāne uppādeyya vaḍḍheyya. Ete dhammeti ete dānādike sucaritadhamme. Sukhasamuddayeti sukhānisaṃse, ānisaṃsaphalampi nesaṃ sukhamevāti dasseti. Abyāpajjaṃ sukhaṃ lokanti kāmacchandādibyāpādavirahitattā abyāpajjaṃ niddukkhaṃ, parapīḷābhāve pana vattabbaṃ natthi. Jhānasamāpattivasena sukhabahulattā sukhaṃ, ekantasukhañca brahmalokaṃ jhānapuññānaṃ, itarapuññānaṃ pana tadaññaṃ sampattibhavasaṅkhātaṃ sukhaṃ lokaṃ paṇḍito sappañño upapajjati upeti. Iti imasmiṃ sutte gāthāsu ca vaṭṭasampatti eva kathitā.

Dutiyasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

3. Ubhayatthasuttavaṇṇanā

23. Tatiye bhāvitoti uppādito ca vaḍḍhito ca. Bahulīkatoti punappunaṃ kato. Atthoti hitaṃ. Tañhi araṇīyato upagantabbato atthoti vuccati. Samadhigayha tiṭṭhatīti sammā pariggahetvā avijahitvā vattati. Diṭṭhadhammikanti diṭṭhadhammo vuccati paccakkhabhūto attabhāvo, diṭṭhadhamme bhavaṃ diṭṭhadhammikaṃ, idhalokapariyāpannanti attho. Samparāyikanti dhammavasena samparetabbato samparāyo, paraloko, samparāye bhavaṃ samparāyikaṃ, paralokapariyāpannanti vuttaṃ hoti.

Ko panesa diṭṭhadhammiko nāma attho, ko vā samparāyikoti? Saṅkhepena tāva yaṃ idhalokasukhaṃ, yañcetarahi idhalokasukhāvahaṃ, ayaṃ diṭṭhadhammiko attho. Seyyathidaṃ – gahaṭṭhānaṃ tāva idha yaṃ kiñci vittūpakaraṇaṃ, anākulakammantatā, ārogyasaṃvidhānaṃ, vatthuvisadakiriyāyogavihitāni sippāyatanavijjāṭṭhānāni saṅgahitaparijanatāti evamādi. Pabbajitānaṃ pana ye ime jīvitaparikkhārā cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārā. Tesaṃ akicchalābho, tattha ca saṅkhāya paṭisevanā , saṅkhāya parivajjanā, vatthuvisadakiriyā, appicchatā, santuṭṭhi, paviveko, asaṃsaggoti evamādi. Patirūpadesavāsasappurisūpanissayasaddhammassavanayonisomanasikārādayo pana ubhayesaṃ sādhāraṇā ubhayānurūpā cāti veditabbā.

Appamādoti ettha appamādo pamādappaṭipakkhato veditabbo. Ko panesa pamādo nāma? Pamajjanākāro. Vuttaṃ hetaṃ –

‘‘Tattha katamo pamādo? Kāyaduccarite vā vacīduccarite vā manoduccarite vā pañcasu vā kāmaguṇesu cittassa vossaggo vossaggānuppādanaṃ kusalānaṃ vā dhammānaṃ bhāvanāya asakkaccakiriyatā asātaccakiriyatā anaṭṭhitakiriyatā olīnavuttitā nikkhittachandatā nikkhittadhuratā anāsevanā abhāvanā abahulīkammaṃ anadhiṭṭhānaṃ ananuyogopamādo. Yo evarūpo pamādo pamajjanā pamajjitattaṃ. Ayaṃ vuccati pamādo’’ti (vibha. 846).

Tasmā vuttappaṭipakkhato appamādo veditabbo. Atthato hi so satiyā avippavāso, niccaṃ upaṭṭhitassatiyā etaṃ nāmaṃ. Apare pana ‘‘satisampajaññayogena pavattā cattāro arūpino khandhā appamādo’’ti vadanti.

‘‘Bhāvito bahūlīkato’’ti vuttaṃ, kathaṃ panāyaṃ appamādo bhāvetabboti? Na appamādabhāvanā nāma visuṃ ekabhāvanā atthi. Yā hi kāci puññakiriyā kusalakiriyā, sabbā sā appamādabhāvanātveva veditabbā. Visesato pana vivaṭṭūpanissayaṃ saraṇagamanaṃ kāyikavācasikasaṃvarañca upādāya sabbā sīlabhāvanā, sabbā samādhibhāvanā, sabbā paññābhāvanā, sabbā kusalabhāvanā, anavajjabhāvanā, appamādabhāvanāti veditabbā. ‘‘Appamādo’’ti hi idaṃ mahantaṃ atthaṃ dīpeti, mahantaṃ atthaṃ pariggahetvā tiṭṭhati. Sakalampi tepiṭakaṃ buddhavacanaṃ āharitvā appamādapadassa atthaṃ katvā kathento dhammakathiko ‘‘atitthena pakkhando’’ti na vattabbo. Kasmā? Appamādapadassa mahantabhāvato. Tathā hi sammāsambuddho kusinārāyaṃ yamakasālānamantare parinibbānasamaye nipanno abhisambodhito paṭṭhāya pañcacattālīsāya vassesu attanā bhāsitaṃ dhammaṃ ekena padena saṅgahetvā dassento – ‘‘appamādena sampādethā’’ti bhikkhūnaṃ ovādamadāsi. Tathā ca vuttaṃ –

‘‘Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave , yāni kānici jaṅgalānaṃ pāṇānaṃ padajātāni, sabbāni tāni hatthipade samodhānaṃ gacchanti, hatthipadaṃ tesaṃ aggamakkhāyati yadidaṃ mahantaṭṭhena; evameva kho, bhikkhave, ye keci kusalā dhammā, sabbete appamādamūlakā appamādasamosaraṇā, appamādo tesaṃ dhammānaṃ aggamakkhāyatī’’ti (ma. ni. 1.300).

Gāthāsu appamādaṃ pasaṃsantīti dānādipuññakiriyāsu appamādaṃ appamajjanaṃ paṇḍitā sappaññā buddhādayo pasaṃsanti, vaṇṇenti thomenti. Kasmā? Yasmā appamatto ubho atthe adhigaṇhāti paṇḍito. Ke pana te ubho atthāti āha – ‘‘diṭṭhe dhamme ca yo attho, yo cattho samparāyiko’’ti, evamettha padayojanā veditabbā. Idhāpi diṭṭhe dhamme ca yo atthoti gahaṭṭhassa tāva ‘‘anavajjāni kammāni, anākulā ca kammantā’’tiādinā nayena vutto kasigorakkhādividhinā laddhabbo attho, pabbajitassa pana avippaṭisārādiattho veditabbo. Yo cattho samparāyikoti pana ubhayesampi dhammacariyāva vuttāti veditabbā. Atthābhisamayāti duvidhassapi atthassa hitassa paṭilābhā, laddhabbena samiti saṅgati samodhānanti samayo, lābho. Samayo eva abhisamayo, abhimukhabhāvena vā samayo abhisamayoti evamettha abhisamayo veditabbo. Dhitisampannattā dhīro. Tatiyena cettha attha-saddena paramatthassa nibbānassāpi saṅgaho veditabbo. Sesaṃ suviññeyyameva. Iti imasmiṃ sutte vaṭṭasampatti eva kathitā. Gāthāyaṃ pana vivaṭṭassapi saṅgaho daṭṭhabbo. Tathā hi vuttaṃ –

‘‘Appamādo amatapadaṃ, pamādo maccuno padaṃ;

Appamattā na mīyanti, ye pamattā yathā matā.

‘‘Evaṃ visesato ñatvā, appamādamhi paṇḍitā;

Appamāde pamodanti, ariyānaṃ gocare ratā.

‘‘Te jhāyino sātatikā, niccaṃ daḷhaparakkamā;

Phusanti dhīrā nibbānaṃ, yogakkhemaṃ anuttara’’nti. (dha. pa. 21-23);

Tasmā ‘‘atthābhisamayā’’ti ettha lokuttaratthavasenapi attho veditabbo.

Tatiyasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

4. Aṭṭhipuñjasuttavaṇṇanā

24. Catutthe ekapuggalassāti ettha puggaloti ayaṃ vohārakathā. Buddhassa hi bhagavato duvidhā desanā sammutidesanā ca paramatthadesanā cāti. Tattha ‘‘puggalo, satto, itthī, puriso, khattiyo, brāhmaṇo, devo, māro’’ti evarūpā sammutidesanā. ‘‘Aniccaṃ, dukkhaṃ, anattā, khandhā, dhātu, āyatanā, satipaṭṭhānā’’ti evarūpā paramatthadesanā. Tattha bhagavā ye sammutivasena desanaṃ sutvā visesamadhigantuṃ samatthā, nesaṃ sammutidesanaṃ deseti. Ye pana paramatthavasena desanaṃ sutvā visesamadhigantuṃ samatthā, tesaṃ paramatthadesanaṃ deseti.

Tatthāyaṃ upamā – yathā hi desabhāsākusalo tiṇṇaṃ vedānaṃ atthasaṃvaṇṇanako ācariyo ye damiḷabhāsāya vutte atthaṃ jānanti, tesaṃ damiḷabhāsāya ācikkhati. Ye andhakabhāsādīsu aññatarāya, tesaṃ tāya tāya bhāsāya. Evaṃ te māṇavakā chekaṃ byattaṃ ācariyamāgamma khippameva sippaṃ uggaṇhanti. Tattha ācariyo viya buddho bhagavā, tayo vedā viya kathetabbabhāve ṭhitāni tīṇi piṭakāni, desabhāsākosallamiva sammutiparamatthakosallaṃ, nānādesabhāsā māṇavakā viya sammutiparamatthavasena paṭivijjhanasamatthā veneyyā, ācariyassa damiḷabhāsādiācikkhanaṃ viya bhagavato sammutiparamatthavasena desanā veditabbā. Āha cettha –

‘‘Duve saccāni akkhāsi, sambuddho vadataṃ varo;

Sammutiṃ paramatthañca, tatiyaṃ nūpalabbhati.

‘‘Saṅketavacanaṃ saccaṃ, lokasammutikāraṇā;

Paramatthavacanaṃ saccaṃ, dhammānaṃ bhūtakāraṇā.

‘‘Tasmā vohārakusalassa, lokanāthassa satthuno;

Sammutiṃ voharantassa, musāvādo na jāyatī’’ti.

Apica aṭṭhahi kāraṇehi bhagavā puggalakathaṃ katheti – hirottappadīpanatthaṃ, kammassakatādīpanatthaṃ, paccattapurisakāradīpanatthaṃ, , ānantariyadīpanatthaṃ, brahmavihāradīpanatthaṃ, pubbenivāsadīpanatthaṃ, dakkhiṇāvisuddhidīpanatthaṃ, lokasammutiyā appahānatthaṃ, cāti. ‘‘Khandhadhātuāyatanāni hiriyanti ottappantī’’ti hi vutte mahājano na jānāti, sammohaṃ āpajjati, paṭisattu vā hoti – ‘‘kimidaṃ khandhadhātuāyatanāni hiriyanti ottappanti nāmā’’ti? ‘‘Itthī hiriyati ottappati, puriso, khattiyo, brāhmaṇo, devo, māro’’ti pana vutte jānāti, na sammohaṃ āpajjati, na paṭisattu vā hoti. Tasmā bhagavā hirottappadīpanatthaṃ puggalakathaṃ katheti.

‘‘Khandhā kammassakā, dhātuyo āyatanānī’’ti vuttepi eseva nayo. Tasmā kammassakatādīpanatthampi puggalakathaṃ katheti.

‘‘Veḷuvanādayo mahāvihārā khandhehi kārāpitā, dhātūhi āyatanehī’’ti vuttepi eseva nayo. Tathā ‘‘khandhā mātaraṃ jīvitā voropenti, pitaraṃ, arahantaṃ, ruhiruppādakammaṃ, saṅghabhedakammaṃ karonti, dhātuyo āyatanānī’’ti vuttepi eseva nayo. ‘‘Khandhā mettāyanti, dhātuyo āyatanānī’’ti vuttepi eseva nayo. ‘‘Khandhā pubbenivāsaṃ anussaranti, dhātuyo āyatanānī’’ti vuttepi eseva nayo. Tasmā bhagavā paccattapurisakāradīpanatthaṃ ānantariyadīpanatthaṃ brahmavihāradīpanatthaṃ pubbenivāsadīpanatthañca puggalakathaṃ katheti.

‘‘Khandhā dānaṃ paṭiggaṇhanti, dhātuyo āyatanānī’’ti vuttepi mahājano na jānāti, sammohaṃ āpajjati, paṭisattu vā hoti ‘‘kimidaṃ khandhā dhātuyo āyatanāni paṭiggaṇhanti nāmā’’ti? ‘‘Puggalā paṭiggaṇhantī’’ti pana vutte jānāti, na sammohaṃ āpajjati, na paṭisattu vā hoti. Tasmā bhagavā dakkhiṇāvisuddhidīpanatthaṃ puggalakathaṃ katheti.

Lokasammutiñca buddhā bhagavanto na pajahanti, lokasamaññāya lokaniruttiyā lokābhilāpe ṭhitāyeva dhammaṃ desenti. Tasmā bhagavā lokasammutiyā appahānatthampi puggalakathaṃ katheti. So idhāpi lokavohāravasena desetabbamatthaṃ dassento ‘‘ekapuggalassā’’tiādimāha.

Tattha ekapuggalassāti ekasattassa. Kappanti mahākappaṃ. Yadipi accantasaṃyoge idaṃ upayogavacanaṃ, yattha pana sattānaṃ sandhāvanaṃ saṃsaraṇaṃ sambhavati, tassa vasena gahetabbaṃ. Aṭṭhikaṅkaloti aṭṭhibhāgo. ‘‘Aṭṭhikhalo’’tipi paṭhanti, aṭṭhisañcayoti attho. Aṭṭhipuñjoti aṭṭhisamūho. Aṭṭhirāsīti tasseva vevacanaṃ. Keci pana ‘‘kaṭippamāṇato heṭṭhā samūho kaṅkalo nāma, tato upari yāva tālappamāṇaṃ puñjo, tato upari rāsī’’ti vadanti. Taṃ tesaṃ matimattaṃ. Sabbametaṃ samūhasseva pariyāyavacanaṃ vepullasseva upamābhāvena āhaṭattā.

Sace saṃhārako assāti avippakiraṇavasena saṃharitvā ṭhapetā koci yadi siyāti parikappanavasena vadati. Sambhatañca na vinasseyyāti tathā kenaci sambhatañca taṃ aṭṭhikaṅkalaṃ antaradhānābhāvena pūtibhūtaṃ cuṇṇavicuṇṇañca ahutvā sace na vinasseyyāti parikappanavaseneva vadati. Ayañhettha attho – bhikkhave, ekassa sattassa kammakilesehi aparāparuppattivasena ekaṃ mahākappaṃ sandhāvantassa saṃsarantassa evaṃ mahāaṭṭhisañcayo bhaveyya, ārohapariṇāhehi yattakoyaṃ vepullapabbato. Sace panassa koci saṃharitvā ṭhapetā bhaveyya, sambhatañca taṃ sace avinassantaṃ tiṭṭheyyāti. Ayañca nayo nibbutappadīpe viya bhijjanasabhāve kaḷevaranikkheparahite opapātikattabhāve sabbena sabbaṃ anaṭṭhike ca khuddakattabhāve vajjetvā vutto. Keci pana ‘‘parikappanavasena imassa nayassa āhaṭattā tesampi yadi siyā aṭṭhikaṅkalo, tenāpi saheva ayaṃ aṭṭhipuñjaparimāṇo vutto’’ti vadanti. Apare pana ‘‘nayidamevaṃ labbhamānasseva aṭṭhipuñjassa vasena sabbaññutaññāṇena paricchinditvā imassa parimāṇassa vuttatā. Tasmā vuttanayeneva attho gahetabbo’’ti.

Gāthāsu mahesināti mahante sīlakkhandhādayo esati gavesatīti mahesī, sammāsambuddho. ‘‘Iti vuttaṃ mahesinā’’ti ca bhagavā ‘‘dasabalasamannāgato, bhikkhave, tathāgato’’tiādīsu viya attānaṃ aññaṃ viya katvā dasseti. Vepulloti rājagahaṃ parivāretvā ṭhitesu pañcasu pabbatesu vipulabhāvato vepulloti laddhanāmo. Tato eva mahā, ṭhitadisābhāgavasena uttaro gijjhakūṭassa. Giribbajeti giribbajapuranāmakassa rājagahassa samīpe.

Ettāvatā bhagavā ‘‘ettakenāpi kālena anupacchinnabhavamūlassa apariññātavatthukassa puthujjanassa ayamīdisī kaṭasivaḍḍhanā’’ti vaṭṭe ādīnavaṃ dassetvā idāni yesaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ ananubodhā appaṭivedhā andhaputhujjanassa evaṃ kaṭasivaḍḍhanā, tāni ariyasaccāni diṭṭhavato ariyapuggalassa ayaṃ natthīti dassento ‘‘yato ca ariyasaccānī’’tiādimāha.

Tattha yatoti yadā. Ariyasaccānīti araṇīyato ariyāni, avitathabhāvena saccāni cāti ariyasaccāni, ariyabhāvakarāni vā saccāni ariyasaccāni, ariyehi vā buddhādīhi paṭivijjhitabbāni saccāni ariyasaccāni. Atha vā ariyassa saccāni ariyasaccāni. Sadevakena hi lokena saraṇanti araṇīyato ariyo bhagavā, tena sayambhuñāṇena diṭṭhattā tassa saccānīti ariyasaccāni. Sammappaññāya passatīti sammā hetunā ñāyena vipassanāpaññāsahitāya maggapaññāya pariññāpahānasacchikiriyābhāvanābhisamayavasena passati. Dukkhantiādi ariyasaccānaṃ sarūpadassanaṃ. Tattha anekūpaddavādhiṭṭhānatāya kucchitabhāvato bālajanaparikappitadhuvasubhasukhattavirahena tucchabhāvato ca dukkhaṃ. Dukkhaṃ samuppajjati etenāti dukkhasamuppādo, dukkhasamudayo. Dukkhaṃ atikkamati etena ārammaṇappaccayabhūtena, ettha vāti dukkhassa atikkamo, nibbānaṃ. Ārakattā kilesehi araṇīyato ca ariyo. Sammādiṭṭhiādīnaṃ aṭṭhannaṃ aṅgānaṃ vasena aṭṭhaṅgiko. Mārento kilese gacchati, nibbānatthikehi maggīyati, sayaṃ vā nibbānaṃ maggatīti maggo. Tato eva dukkhassa upasamaṃ nirodhaṃ gacchatīti dukkhūpasamagāmī. Yato sammappaññāya passatīti sambandho.

Sasattakkhattuṃ paramaṃ, sandhāvitvāna puggaloti so evaṃ catusaccadassāvī ariyapuggalo sotāpanno sabbamudindriyo samāno sattavāraparamaṃyeva bhavādīsu aparāparuppattivasena sandhāvitvā saṃsaritvā. Ekabījī, kolaṃkolo, sattakkhattuparamoti indriyānaṃ tikkhamajjhimamudubhāvena tayo hi sotāpannā. Tesu sabbamudindriyassa vasenidaṃ vuttaṃ ‘‘sa sattakkhattuṃ paramaṃ, sandhāvitvānā’’ti . Dukkhassantakaro hotīti vaṭṭadukkhassa antakaro pariyosānakaro hoti. Kathaṃ? Sabbasaṃyojanakkhayā anupubbena aggamaggaṃ adhigantvā niravasesānaṃ saṃyojanānaṃ khepanāti arahattaphaleneva desanāya kūṭaṃ gaṇhi.

Catutthasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

5. Musāvādasuttavaṇṇanā

25. Pañcame ekadhammaṃ atītassāti kā uppatti? Bhagavato bhikkhusaṅghassa ca mahālābhasakkāro uppajji, titthiyānaṃ parihāyi. Te hatalābhasakkārā nippabhā nittejā issāpakatā ciñcamāṇavikaṃ nāma paribbājikaṃ uyyojesuṃ – ‘‘ehi, tvaṃ bhagini, samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ abhūtena abbhācikkhassū’’ti. Sā bhagavantaṃ catuparisamajjhe dhammaṃ desentaṃ upagantvā abhūtena abbhācikkhitvā sakkenassā abhūtabhāve pakāsite mahājanena ‘‘dhī kāḷakaṇṇī’’ti vihārato nikkaḍḍhāpitā pathaviyā vivare dinne avīcijālānaṃ indhanaṃ hutvāva avīciniraye nibbatti, bhiyyosomattāya titthiyānaṃ lābhasakkāro parihāyi. Bhikkhū dhammasabhāyaṃ kathaṃ samuṭṭhāpesuṃ ‘‘āvuso, ciñcamāṇavikā evaṃ uḷāraguṇaṃ aggadakkhiṇeyyaṃ sammāsambuddhaṃ abhūtena akkositvā mahāvināsaṃ pattā’’ti. Satthā āgantvā ‘‘kāya nuttha, bhikkhave, etarahi kathāya sannisinnā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘imāya nāmā’’ti vutte ‘‘na, bhikkhave, idāneva, pubbepi sā maṃ abhūtena akkositvā mahāvināsaṃ pattāyevā’’ti mahāpadumajātakampi vitthāretvā upari dhammaṃ desento imissā aṭṭhuppattiyā ‘‘ekadhammaṃ atītassā’’ti idaṃ suttaṃ desesi.

Tattha ekadhammanti ekaṃ vacīsaccasaṅkhātaṃ dhammaṃ. Atītassāti yā sā aṭṭha anariyavohāre vajjetvā aṭṭhasu ariyavohāresu patiṭṭhāpanatthaṃ ‘‘saccaṃ , bhaṇe, nālika’’nti ariyehi ṭhapitā mariyādā, taṃ atikkamitvā ṭhitassa. Puriso eva puggaloti purisapuggalo, tassa. Akaraṇīyanti kātuṃ asakkuṇeyyaṃ. Sampajānamusāvādī hi puggalo kiñci pāpakammaṃ katvā ‘‘idaṃ nāma tayā kata’’nti vutte ‘‘na mayā kata’’nti musāvādeneva pariharissati. Evañca paṭipajjanto kiñci pāpakammaṃ karotiyeva, na tattha lajjati saccamariyādāya samatikkantattā. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘katamaṃ ekadhammaṃ, yadidaṃ, bhikkhave, sampajānamusāvādo’’ti.

Gāthāyaṃ musāvādissāti musā abhūtaṃ atacchaṃ paresaṃ viññāpanavasena vadanasīlassa. Yassa dasasu vacanesu ekampi saccaṃ natthi, evarūpe vattabbameva natthi. Jantunoti sattassa. Satto hi jāyanaṭṭhena ‘‘jantū’’ti vuccati. Vitiṇṇaparalokassāti vissaṭṭhaparalokassa. Īdiso hi manussasampatti devalokasampatti avasāne nibbānasampattīti imā tissopi sampattiyo na passati. Natthi pāpanti tassa tādisassa idaṃ nāma pāpaṃ na kattabbanti natthīti.

Pañcamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

6. Dānasuttavaṇṇanā

26. Chaṭṭhe evañceti ettha evanti upamākāre nipāto, ceti parikappane. Sattāti rūpādīsu sattā visattā. Jāneyyunti bujjheyyuṃ. Dānasaṃvibhāgassāti yāya hi cetanāya annādideyyadhammaṃ saṃharitvā anukampāpūjāsu aññataravasena paresaṃ dīyati, taṃ dānaṃ. Yāya pana attanā paribhuñjitabbabhāvena gahitavatthussa ekadeso saṃvibhajitvā dīyati, ayaṃ saṃvibhāgo. Vipākanti phalaṃ. Yathāhaṃ jānāmīti yathā ahaṃ jānāmi. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – tiracchānagatassapi dānaṃ datvā attabhāvasate pavattasukhavipaccanavasena sataguṇā dakkhiṇā hotīti evamādinā, bhikkhave, yena pakārena ahaṃ dānassa saṃvibhāgassa ca vipākaṃ kammavipākaṃ ñāṇabalena paccakkhato jānāmi, evaṃ ime sattā yadi jāneyyunti. Na adatvā bhuñjeyyunti yaṃ bhuñjitabbayuttakaṃ attano atthi, tato paresaṃ na adatvā macchariyacittena ca taṇhālobhavasena ca bhuñjeyyuṃ, datvāva bhuñjeyyuṃ. Na ca nesaṃ maccheramalaṃ cittaṃ pariyādāya tiṭṭheyyāti attano sampattīnaṃ parehi sādhāraṇabhāvāsahanalakkhaṇaṃ cittassa pabhassarabhāvadūsakānaṃ upakkilesabhūtānaṃ kaṇhadhammānaṃ aññataraṃ maccheramalaṃ. Atha vā yathāvuttamaccherañceva aññampi dānantarāyakaraṃ issālobhadosādimalañca nesaṃ sattānaṃ cittaṃ yathā dānacetanā na pavattati, na vā suparisuddhā hoti, evaṃ pariyādāya parito gahetvā abhibhavitvā na tiṭṭheyya. Ko hi sammadeva dānaphalaṃ jānanto attano citte maccheramalassa okāsaṃ dadeyya.

Yopi nesaṃ assa carimo ālopoti nesaṃ sattānaṃ yo sabbapacchimako ālopo siyā. Carimaṃ kabaḷanti tasseva vevacanaṃ. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – ime sattā pakatiyā yattakehi ālopehi sayaṃ yāpeyyuṃ, tesu ekameva ālopaṃ attano atthāya ṭhapetvā tadaññe sabbe ālope āgatāgatānaṃ atthikānaṃ datvā yo ṭhapito ālopo assa, so idha carimo ālopo nāma. Tatopi na asaṃvibhajitvā bhuñjeyyuṃ, sace nesaṃ paṭiggāhakā assūti nesaṃ sattānaṃ paṭiggāhakā yadi siyuṃ, tatopi yathāvuttacarimālopatopi saṃvibhajitvāva ekadesaṃ datvāva bhuñjeyyuṃ, yathāhaṃ dānasaṃvibhāgassa vipākaṃ paccakkhato jānāmi, evaṃ yadi jāneyyunti. Yasmā ca khotiādinā kammaphalassa appaccakkhabhāvato evamete sattā dānasaṃvibhāgesu na pavattantīti yathādhippetamatthaṃ kāraṇena sampaṭipādeti. Eteneva tesaṃ tadaññapuññesu ca appaṭipattiyā apuññesu ca paṭipattiyā kāraṇaṃ dassitanti daṭṭhabbaṃ.

Gāthāsu yathāvuttaṃ mahesināti mahesinā bhagavatā ‘‘tiracchānagate dānaṃ datvā sataguṇā dakkhiṇā pāṭikaṅkhitabbā’ tiādinā, idheva vā ‘‘evaṃ ce sattā jāneyyu’’ntiādinā yathāvuttaṃ, ñāṇacārena taṃ yathāvuttaṃ cittaṃ ñātanti attho. Vipākaṃ saṃvibhāgassāti saṃvibhāgassapi vipākaṃ, ko pana vādo dānassa. Yathā hoti mahapphalanti yathā so vipāko mahantaṃ phalaṃ hoti, evaṃ ime sattā yadi jāneyyunti sambandho. Vineyya maccheramalanti macchariyamalaṃ apanetvā kammaphalasaddhāya ratanattayasaddhāya ca visesato pasannena cittena yesu kilesehi ārakattā ariyesu sīlādiguṇasampannesu dinnaṃ appakampi dānaṃ mahapphalaṃ hoti, tesu yuttakālena dajjuṃ dadeyyuṃ.

Mahapphalabhāvakaraṇato dakkhiṇaṃ arahantīti dakkhiṇeyyā, sammāpaṭipannā, tesu dakkhiṇeyyesu. Dakkhiṇaṃ paralokaṃ saddahitvā dātabbaṃ deyyadhammaṃ yathā taṃ dānaṃ hoti mahādānaṃ, evaṃ datvā. Atha vā bahuno annaṃ datvā, kathaṃ pana annaṃ dātabbanti āha ‘‘dakkhiṇeyyesu dakkhiṇa’’nti. Ito manussattā manussattabhāvato cutā paṭisandhivasena saggaṃ gacchanti dāyakā. Kāmakāminoti kāmetabbānaṃ uḷārānaṃ devabhogānaṃ paṭiladdharūpavibhavena kammunā upagamane sādhukāritāya kāmakāmino sabbakāmasamaṅgino. Modanti yathāruci paricārentīti attho.

Chaṭṭhasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

7. Mettābhāvanāsuttavaṇṇanā

27. Sattame yāni kānicīti anavasesapariyādānaṃ. Opadhikāni puññakiriyavatthūnīti

Tesaṃ niyamanaṃ. Tattha upadhi vuccanti khandhā, upadhissa karaṇaṃ sīlaṃ etesaṃ, upadhippayojanāni vā opadhikāni. Sampattibhave attabhāvajanakāni paṭisandhipavattivipākadāyakāni. Puññakiriyavatthūnīti puññakiriyā ca tā tesaṃ tesaṃ phalānisaṃsānaṃ vatthūni cāti puññakiriyavatthūni. Tāni pana saṅkhepato dānamayaṃ, sīlamayaṃ, bhāvanāmayanti tividhāni honti. Tattha yaṃ vattabbaṃ, taṃ parato tikanipātavaṇṇanāyaṃ āvi bhavissati. Mettāya cetovimuttiyāti mettābhāvanāvasena paṭiladdhatikacatukkajjhānasamāpattiyā. ‘‘Mettā’’ti hi vutte upacāropi labbhati appanāpi, ‘‘cetovimuttī’’ti pana vutte appanājhānameva labbhati. Tañhi nīvaraṇādipaccanīkadhammato cittassa suṭṭhu vimuttibhāvena cetovimuttīti vuccati. Kalaṃ nāgghanti soḷasinti mettābrahmavihārassa soḷasabhāgaṃ opadhikāni puññakiriyavatthūni na agghanti. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – mettāya cetovimuttiyā yo vipāko, taṃ soḷasa koṭṭhāse katvā tato ekaṃ puna soḷasa koṭṭhāse katvā tattha yo ekakoṭṭhāso, na taṃ aññāni opadhikāni puññakiriyavatthūni agghantīti. Adhiggahetvāti abhibhavitvā. Bhāsateti upakkilesavisuddhiyā dippati. Tapateti tato eva anavasese paṭipakkhadhamme santapati. Virocatīti ubhayasampattiyā virocati. Mettā hi cetovimutti candālokasaṅkhātā vigatūpakkilesā juṇhā viya dippati, ātapo viya andhakāraṃ paccanīkadhamme vidhamantī tapati, osadhitārakā viya vijjotamānā virocati ca.

Seyyathāpīti opammadassanatthe nipāto. Tārakarūpānanti jotīnaṃ. Candiyāti candassa ayanti candī, tassā candiyā, pabhāya juṇhāyāti attho. Vassānanti vassānaṃ bahuvasena laddhavohārassa utuno. Pacchime māseti kattikamāse. Saradasamayeti saradakāle. Assayujakattikamāsā hi loke ‘‘saradautū’’ti vuccanti. Viddheti ubbiddhe, meghavigamena dūrībhūteti attho. Tenevāha ‘‘vigatavalāhake’’ti. Deveti ākāse. Nabhaṃ abbhussakkamānoti udayaṭṭhānato ākāsaṃ ullaṅghanto. Tamagatanti tamaṃ. Abhivihaccāti abhihantvā vidhamitvā. Osadhitārakāti ussannā pabhā etāya dhīyati, osadhīnaṃ vā anubalappadāyikattā osadhīti laddhanāmā tārakā.

Etthāha – kasmā pana bhagavatā samānepi opadhikabhāve mettā itarehi opadhikapuññehi visesetvā vuttāti? Vuccate – seṭṭhaṭṭhena niddosabhāvena ca sattesu suppaṭipattibhāvato. Seṭṭhā hi ete vihārā, sabbasattesu sammāpaṭipattibhūtāni yadidaṃ mettājhānāni. Yathā ca brahmāno niddosacittā viharanti, evaṃ etehi samannāgatā yogino brahmasamāva hutvā viharanti. Tathā hime ‘‘brahmavihārā’’ti vuccanti. Iti seṭṭhaṭṭhena niddosabhāvena ca sattesu suppaṭipattibhāvato mettāva itarehi opadhikapuññehi visesetvā vuttā.

Evampi kasmā mettāva evaṃ visesetvā vuttā? Itaresaṃ brahmavihārānaṃ adhiṭṭhānabhāvato dānādīnaṃ sabbesaṃ kalyāṇadhammānaṃ paripūrikattā ca. Ayañhi sattesu hitākārappavattilakkhaṇā mettā, hitūpasaṃhārasā, āghātavinayapaccupaṭṭhānā. Yadi anodhiso bhāvitā bahulīkatā, atha sukheneva karuṇādibhāvanā sampajjantīti mettā itaresaṃ brahmavihārānaṃ adhiṭṭhānaṃ. Tathā hi sattesu hitajjhāsayatāya sati nesaṃ dukkhāsahanatā, sampattivisesānaṃ ciraṭṭhitikāmatā, pakkhapātābhāvena sabbattha samappavattacittatā ca sukheneva ijjhanti. Evañca sakalalokahitasukhavidhānādhimuttā mahābodhisattā ‘‘imassa dātabbaṃ, imassa na dātabba’’nti uttamavicayavasena vibhāgaṃ akatvā sabbasattānaṃ niravasesasukhanidānaṃ dānaṃ denti, hitasukhatthameva nesaṃ sīlaṃ samādiyanti, sīlaparipūraṇatthaṃ nekkhammaṃ bhajanti, tesaṃ hitasukhesu asammohatthāya paññaṃ pariyodapenti, hitasukhābhivaḍḍhanatthameva daḷhaṃ vīriyamārabhanti, uttamavīriyavasena vīrabhāvaṃ pattāpi sattānaṃ nānappakāraṃ hitajjhāsayeneva aparādhaṃ khamanti, ‘‘idaṃ vo dassāma, karissāmā’’tiādinā kataṃ paṭiññātaṃ na visaṃvādenti, tesaṃ hitasukhāyeva acalādhiṭṭhānā honti. Tesu acalāya mettāya pubbakārino hitajjhāsayeneva nesaṃ vippakāre udāsīnā honti, pubbakāritāyapi na paccupakāramāsisantīti. Evaṃ te pāramiyo pūretvā yāva dasabalacatu-vesārajja-chaasādhāraṇañāṇa-aṭṭhārasāveṇikabuddhadhammappabhede sabbepi kalyāṇadhamme paripūrenti. Evaṃ dānādīnaṃ sabbesaṃ kalyāṇadhammānaṃ pāripūrikā mettāti ca imassa visesassa dassanatthaṃ sā itarehi visesetvā vuttā.

Apica mettāya itarehi opadhikapuññehi mahānubhāvatā velāmasuttena dīpetabbā. Tattha hi yathā nāma mahatā velāmassa dānato ekassa sotāpannassa dānaṃ mahapphalataraṃ vuttaṃ, evaṃ sotāpannasatato ekassa sakadāgāmissa dānaṃ…pe… paccekabuddhasatato bhagavato, tatopi buddhappamukhassa saṅghassa dānaṃ, tatopi cātuddisassa saṅghassa vihāradānaṃ, tatopi saraṇagamanaṃ, tatopi sīlasamādānaṃ, tatopi gaddūhanamattaṃ kālaṃ mettābhāvanā mahapphalatarā vuttā. Yathāha –

‘‘Yaṃ gahapati velāmo brāhmaṇo dānaṃ adāsi mahādānaṃ. Yo cekaṃ diṭṭhisampannaṃ bhojeyya, idaṃ tato mahapphalataraṃ. Yo ca sataṃ diṭṭhisampannaṃ bhojeyya…pe… surāmerayamajjappamādaṭṭhānā veramaṇiṃ. Yo ca antamaso gaddūhanamattampi mettacittaṃ bhāveyya, idaṃ tato mahapphalatara’’nti (a. ni. 9.20).

Mahaggatapuññabhāvena panassā parittapuññato sātisayatāya vattabbameva natthi. Vuttañhetaṃ ‘‘yaṃ pamāṇakataṃ kammaṃ, na taṃ tatrāvasissati, na taṃ tatrāvatiṭṭhatī’’ti (dī. ni. 1.556; saṃ. ni. 4.360). Kāmāvacarakammañhi pamāṇakataṃ nāma, mahaggatakammaṃ pana pamāṇaṃ atikkamitvā odhisakānodhisakapharaṇavasena vaḍḍhitvā katattā appamāṇakataṃ nāma. Kāmāvacarakammaṃ tassa mahaggatakammassa antarā laggituṃ vā taṃ kammaṃ abhibhavitvā attano vipākassa okāsaṃ gahetvā ṭhātuṃ vā na sakkoti, atha kho mahaggatakammameva taṃ parittakammaṃ mahogho viya parittaṃ udakaṃ abhibhavitvā attano okāsaṃ gahetvā tiṭṭhati, tassa vipākaṃ paṭibāhitvā sayameva brahmasahabyataṃ upanetīti ayañhi tassa atthoti.

Gāthāsu yoti yo koci gahaṭṭho vā pabbajito vā. Mettanti mettājhānaṃ. Appamāṇanti bhāvanāvasena ārammaṇavasena ca appamāṇaṃ. Asubhabhāvanādayo viya hi ārammaṇe ekadesaggahaṇaṃ akatvā anavasesapharaṇavasena anodhisopharaṇavasena ca appamāṇārammaṇatāya paguṇabhāvanāvasena appamāṇaṃ. Tanū saṃyojanā hontīti mettājhānaṃ pādakaṃ katvā sammasitvā heṭṭhime ariyamagge adhigacchantassa sukheneva paṭighasaṃyojanādayo pahīyamānā tanū honti. Tenāha ‘‘passato upadhikkhaya’’nti. ‘‘Upadhikkhayo’’ti hi nibbānaṃ vuccati. Tañcassa sacchikiriyābhisamayavasena maggañāṇena passati. Atha vā tanū saṃyojanā hontīti mettājhānapadaṭṭhānāya vipassanāya anukkamena upadhikkhayasaṅkhātaṃ arahattaṃ patvā taṃ passato pageva dasapi saṃyojanā tanū honti, pahīyantīti attho. Atha vā tanū saṃyojanā hontīti paṭigho ceva paṭighasampayuttasaṃyojanā ca tanukā honti. Passato upadhikkhayanti tesaṃyeva kilesūpadhīnaṃ khayasaṅkhātaṃ mettaṃ adhigamavasena passanta ssāti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo.

Evaṃ kilesappahānaṃ nibbānādhigamañca mettābhāvanāya sikhāppattamānisaṃsaṃ dassetvā idāni aññe ānisaṃse dassetuṃ ‘‘ekampi ce’’tiādimāha. Tattha aduṭṭhacittoti mettābalena suṭṭhu vikkhambhitabyāpādatāya byāpādena adūsitacitto. Mettāyatīti hitapharaṇavasena mettaṃ karoti. Kusaloti atisayena kusalavā mahāpuñño, paṭighādianatthavigamena vo. Khemī tenāti tena mettāyitena. Sabbe ca pāṇeti casaddo byatireke. Manasānukampanti cittena anukampanto. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – ekasattavisayāpi tāva mettā mahākusalarāsi, sabbe pana pāṇe attano piyaputtaṃ viya hitapharaṇena manasā anukampanto pahūtaṃ bahuṃ anappakaṃ apariyantaṃ catusaṭṭhimahākappepi attano vipākappabandhaṃ pavattetuṃ samatthaṃ uḷārapuññaṃ ariyo parisuddhacitto puggalo pakaroti nipphādeti.

Sattasaṇḍanti sattasaṅkhātena saṇḍena samannāgataṃ bharitaṃ, sattehi aviraḷaṃ ākiṇṇamanussanti attho. Vijitvāti adaṇḍena asatthena dhammeneva vijinitvā. Rājisayoti isisadisā dhammikarājāno. Yajamānāti dānāni dadamānā. Anupariyagāti vicariṃsu.

Assamedhantiādīsu porāṇakarājakāle kira sassamedhaṃ, purisamedhaṃ, sammāpāsaṃ, vācāpeyyanti cattāri saṅgahavatthūni ahesuṃ, yehi rājāno lokaṃ saṅgaṇhiṃsu. Tattha nipphannasassato dasamabhāgaggahaṇaṃ sassamedhaṃ nāma, sassasampādane, medhāvitāti attho. Mahāyodhānaṃ chamāsikaṃ bhattavetanānuppadānaṃ purisamedhaṃ nāma, purisasaṅgaṇhane medhāvitāti attho. Daliddamanussānaṃ potthake lekhaṃ gahetvā tīṇi vassāni vinā vaḍḍhiyā sahassadvisahassamattadhanānuppadānaṃ sammāpāsaṃ nāma. Tañhi sammā manusse pāseti hadaye bandhitvā viya ṭhapeti, tasmā ‘‘sammāpāsa’’nti vuccati. ‘‘Tāta mātulā’’tiādinā pana saṇhavācāya saṅgahaṇaṃ vācāpeyyaṃ nāma, peyyavajjaṃ piyavācatāti attho. Evaṃ catūhi saṅgahavatthūhi saṅgahitaṃ raṭṭhaṃ iddhañceva hoti phītañca pahūtaannapānaṃ khemaṃ nirabbudaṃ. Manussā mudā modamānā ure putte naccentā apārutagharā viharanti . Idaṃ gharadvāresu aggaḷānaṃ abhāvato ‘‘niraggaḷa’’nti vuccati. Ayaṃ porāṇikā paveṇi, ayaṃ porāṇikā pakati.

Aparabhāge pana okkākarājakāle brāhmaṇā imāni cattāri saṅgahavatthūni imañca raṭṭhasampattiṃ parivattentā uddhammūlaṃ katvā assamedhaṃ purisamedhantiādike pañca yaññe nāma akaṃsu. Vuttañhetaṃ bhagavatā brāhmaṇadhammiyasutte –

‘‘Tesaṃ āsi vipallāso, disvāna aṇuto aṇuṃ…pe….

‘‘Te tattha mante ganthetvā, okkākaṃ tadupāgamu’’nti. (su. ni. 301-304);

Tattha assamettha medhanti bādhentīti assamedho. Dvīhi pariyaññehi yajitabbassa ekavīsatiyūpassa ekasmiṃ pacchimadivase eva sattanavutipañcapasusataghātabhīsanassa ṭhapetvā bhūmiñca purise ca avasesasabbavibhavadakkhiṇassa yaññassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Purisamettha medhanti bādhentīti purisamedho. Catūhi pariyaññehi yajitabbassa saddhiṃbhūmiyā assamedhe vuttavibhavadakkhiṇassa yaññassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Sammamettha pāsanti khipantīti sammāpāso. Yugacchiggaḷe pavesanadaṇḍakasaṅkhātaṃ sammaṃ khipitvā tassa patitokāse vediṃ katvā saṃhārimehi yūpādīhi sarassatinadiyā nimuggokāsato pabhuti paṭilomaṃ gacchantena yajitabbassa satrayāgassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ vājamettha pivantīti vājapeyyo. Ekena pariyaññena sattarasahi pasūhi yajitabbassa beḷuvayūpassa sattarasakadakkhiṇassa yaññassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Natthi ettha aggaḷoti niraggaḷo. Navahi pariyaññehi yajitabbassa saddhiṃ bhūmiyā purisehi ca assamedhe vuttavibhavadakkhiṇassa sabbamedhapariyāyanāmassa assamedhavikappassetaṃ adhivacanaṃ.

Candappabhāti candappabhāya. Tāragaṇāva sabbeti yathā sabbepi tārāgaṇā candimasobhāya soḷasimpi kalaṃ nāgghanti, evaṃ te assamedhādayo yaññā mettacittassa vuttalakkhaṇena subhāvitassa soḷasimpi kalaṃ nānubhavanti, na pāpuṇanti, nāgghantīti attho.

Idāni aparepi diṭṭhadhammikasamparāyike mettābhāvanāya ānisaṃse dassetuṃ ‘‘yo na hantī’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha yoti mettābrahmavihārabhāvanānuyutto puggalo. Na hantīti teneva mettābhāvanānubhāvena dūravikkhambhitabyāpādatāya na kañci sattaṃ hiṃsati, leḍḍudaṇḍādīhi na vibādhati vā. Na ghātetīti paraṃ samādapetvā na satte hanāpeti na vibādhāpeti ca. Na jinātīti sārambhaviggāhikakathādivasena na kañci jināti sārambhasseva abhāvato, jānikaraṇavasena vā aḍḍakaraṇādinā na kañci jināti. Na jāpayeti parepi payojetvā paresaṃ dhanajāniṃ na kārāpeyya. Mettaṃsoti mettāmayacittakoṭṭhāso, mettāya vā aṃso avijahanaṭṭhena avayavabhūtoti mettaṃso. Sabbabhūtesūti sabbasattesu. Tato eva veraṃ tassa na kenacīti akusalaveraṃ tassa kenacipi kāraṇena natthi, puggalaverasaṅkhāto virodho kenaci purisena saddhiṃ tassa mettāvihārissa natthīti.

Evametasmiṃ ekakanipāte paṭipāṭiyā terasasu suttesu sikkhāsuttadvaye cāti pannarasasu suttesu vivaṭṭaṃ kathitaṃ, nīvaraṇasuttaṃ saṃyojanasuttaṃ appamādasuttaṃ aṭṭhisañcayasuttanti etesu catūsu suttesu vaṭṭavivaṭṭaṃ kathitaṃ. Itaresu pana vaṭṭameva kathitanti.

Sattamasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

Paramatthadīpaniyā

Khuddakanikāya-aṭṭhakathāya

Itivuttakassa ekakanipātavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.

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* Source Tipitaka.org - Based on the Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana CD published by the Vipassana Research Institute

1. Ekakanipāto

1. Ekakanipāto

1. Paṭhamavaggo

1. Lobhasuttavaṇṇanā

2. Dosasuttavaṇṇanā

3. Mohasuttavaṇṇanā

4. Kodhasuttavaṇṇanā

5. Makkhasuttavaṇṇanā

6. Mānasuttavaṇṇanā

7. Sabbapariññāsuttavaṇṇanā

8. Mānapariññāsuttavaṇṇanā

9-10. Lobhadosapariññāsuttadvayavaṇṇanā

2. Dutiyavaggo

1-3. Mohapariññādisuttavaṇṇanā

4. Avijjānīvaraṇasuttavaṇṇanā

5. Ḍtaṇhāsaṃyojanasuttavaṇṇanā

6. Paṭhamasekhasuttavaṇṇanā

7. Dutiyasekhasuttavaṇṇanā

8. Saṅghabhedasuttavaṇṇanā

9. Saṅghasāmaggīsuttavaṇṇanā

10. Paduṭṭhacittasuttavaṇṇanā

3. Tatiyavaggo

1. Pasannacittasuttavaṇṇanā

2. Mettasuttavaṇṇanā

3. Ubhayatthasuttavaṇṇanā

4. Aṭṭhipuñjasuttavaṇṇanā

5. Musāvādasuttavaṇṇanā

6. Dānasuttavaṇṇanā

7. Mettābhāvanāsuttavaṇṇanā

Các bài viết trong sách

Dhamma Paññā

Trả lời Hủy

Kho Tàng Pháp Bảo Theravāda

1. Ekakanipāto

1. Paṭhamavaggo

1. Lobhasuttavaṇṇanā

2. Dosasuttavaṇṇanā

3. Mohasuttavaṇṇanā

4. Kodhasuttavaṇṇanā

5. Makkhasuttavaṇṇanā

6. Mānasuttavaṇṇanā

7. Sabbapariññāsuttavaṇṇanā

8. Mānapariññāsuttavaṇṇanā

9-10. Lobhadosapariññāsuttadvayavaṇṇanā

2. Dutiyavaggo

1-3. Mohapariññādisuttavaṇṇanā

4. Avijjānīvaraṇasuttavaṇṇanā

5. Ḍtaṇhāsaṃyojanasuttavaṇṇanā

6. Paṭhamasekhasuttavaṇṇanā

7. Dutiyasekhasuttavaṇṇanā

8. Saṅghabhedasuttavaṇṇanā

9. Saṅghasāmaggīsuttavaṇṇanā

10. Paduṭṭhacittasuttavaṇṇanā

3. Tatiyavaggo

1. Pasannacittasuttavaṇṇanā

2. Mettasuttavaṇṇanā

3. Ubhayatthasuttavaṇṇanā

4. Aṭṭhipuñjasuttavaṇṇanā

5. Musāvādasuttavaṇṇanā

6. Dānasuttavaṇṇanā

7. Mettābhāvanāsuttavaṇṇanā

Các bài viết trong sách

Dhamma Paññā

Quý vị có thể quan tâm

Trả lời Hủy

Kho Tàng Pháp Bảo Theravāda