2. Adhikaraṇavaggavaṇṇanā
11. Dutiyassa paṭhame balānīti kenaṭṭhena balāni. Akampiyaṭṭhena balāni nāma, tathā durabhibhavanaṭṭhena anajjhomaddanaṭṭhena ca. Paṭisaṅkhānabalanti paccavekkhaṇabalaṃ. Bhāvanābalanti brūhanabalaṃ vaḍḍhanabalaṃ. Suddhaṃ attānanti idaṃ heṭṭhā vuttanayeneva veditabbaṃ. Tatrāti tesu dvīsu balesu. Yamidanti yaṃ idaṃ. Sekhānametaṃ balanti sattannaṃ sekhānaṃ ñāṇabalametaṃ. Sekhañhi so, bhikkhave, balaṃ āgammāti sattannaṃ sekhānaṃ ñāṇabalaṃ ārabbha sandhāya paṭicca. Pajahatīti maggena pajahati. Pahāyāti iminā pana phalaṃ kathitaṃ. Yaṃ pāpanti yaṃ pāpakaṃ lāmakaṃ. Yasmā panetāni dvepi vaḍḍhetvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti, tasmā ettha etadaggaṃ nāgatanti veditabbaṃ.
12. Dutiye satisambojjhaṅgaṃ bhāvetītiādīsu ayaṃ heṭṭhā anāgatānaṃ padānaṃ vasena atthavaṇṇanā – vivekanissitanti vivekaṃ nissitaṃ. Vivekoti vivittatā. Svāyaṃ tadaṅgaviveko vikkhambhana-samuccheda-paṭippassaddhi-nissaraṇavivekoti pañcavidho. Tasmiṃ pañcavidhe viveke. Vivekanissitanti tadaṅgavivekanissitaṃ, samucchedavivekanissitaṃ, nissaraṇavivekanissitañca satisambojjhaṅgaṃ bhāvetīti ayamattho veditabbo. Tathā hi satisambojjhaṅgabhāvanānuyutto yogī vipassanākkhaṇe kiccato tadaṅgavivekanissitaṃ, ajjhāsayato nissaraṇavivekanissitaṃ, maggakāle pana kiccato samucchedavivekanissitaṃ, ārammaṇato nissaraṇavivekanissitaṃ satisambojjhaṅgaṃ bhāveti. Pañcavidhavivekanissitampīti eke. Te hi na kevalaṃ balavavipassanāmaggaphalakkhaṇesuyeva bojjhaṅge uddharanti, vipassanāpādakakasiṇajjhānaānāpānāsubhabrahmavihārajjhānesupi uddharanti, na ca paṭisiddhā aṭṭhakathācariyehi. Tasmā tesaṃ matena etesaṃ jhānānaṃ pavattikkhaṇe kiccato eva vikkhambhanavivekanissitaṃ. Yathā ca ‘‘vipassanākkhaṇe ajjhāsayato nissaraṇavivekanissita’’nti vuttaṃ, evaṃ ‘‘paṭippassaddhivivekanissitampi bhāvetī’’ti vattuṃ vaṭṭati. Esa nayo virāganissitantiādīsu. Vivekatthā eva hi virāgādayo.
Kevalaṃ hettha vossaggo duvidho pariccāgavossaggo ca pakkhandanavossaggo cāti. Tattha pariccāgavossaggoti vipassanākkhaṇe ca tadaṅgavasena, maggakkhaṇe ca samucchedavasena kilesappahānaṃ. Pakkhandanavossaggoti vipassanākkhaṇe tanninnabhāvena, maggakkhaṇe pana ārammaṇakaraṇena nibbānapakkhandanaṃ. Tadubhayampi imasmiṃ lokiyalokuttaramissake atthavaṇṇanānaye vaṭṭati. Tathā hi ayaṃ satisambojjhaṅgo yathāvuttena pakārena kilese pariccajati, nibbānañca pakkhandati. Vossaggapariṇāminti iminā pana sakalena vacanena vossaggatthaṃ pariṇamantaṃ pariṇatañca, paripaccantaṃ paripakkañcāti idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti. Ayañhi bojjhaṅgabhāvanānuyutto bhikkhu yathā satisambojjhaṅgo kilesapariccāgavossaggatthaṃ nibbānapakkhandanavossaggatthañca paripaccati, yathā ca paripakko hoti, tathā naṃ bhāvetīti. Esa nayo sesabojjhaṅgesu.
Idha pana nibbānaṃyeva sabbasaṅkhatehi vivittattā viveko, sabbesaṃ virāgabhāvato virāgo, nirodhabhāvato nirodhoti vuttaṃ. Maggo eva ca vossaggapariṇāmī, tasmā satisambojjhaṅgaṃ bhāveti vivekaṃ ārammaṇaṃ katvā pavattiyā vivekanissitaṃ, tathā virāganissitaṃ nirodhanissitaṃ. Tañca kho ariyamaggakkhaṇuppattiyā kilesānaṃ samucchedato pariccāgabhāvena ca nibbānapakkhandanabhāvena ca pariṇataṃ paripakkanti ayameva attho daṭṭhabbo. Esa nayo sesabojjhaṅgesu. Iti ime satta bojjhaṅgā lokiyalokuttaramissakā kathitā. Imesupi dvīsu balesu etadaggabhāvo vuttanayeneva veditabbo.
13. Tatiye vivicceva kāmehītiādīnaṃ catunnaṃ jhānānaṃ pāḷiattho ca bhāvanānayo ca sabbo sabbākārena visuddhimagge (visuddhi. 1.69-70) vitthāritoyeva. Imāni pana cattāri jhānāni eko bhikkhu cittekaggatthāya bhāveti, eko vipassanāpādakatthāya, eko abhiññāpādakatthāya, eko nirodhapādakatthāya, eko bhavavisesatthāya. Idha pana tānipi vipassanāpādakāni adhippetāni. Ayaṃ hi bhikkhu imāni jhānāni samāpajjitvā samāpattito vuṭṭhāya saṅkhāre sammasitvā hetupaccayapariggahaṃ katvā sappaccayaṃ nāmarūpañca vavatthapetvā indriyabalabojjhaṅgāni samodhānetvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇāti. Evametāni jhānāni lokiyalokuttaramissakāneva kathitāni. Imasmimpi baladvaye etadaggabhāvo vuttanayeneva veditabbo.
14. Catutthe saṃkhittena ca vitthārena cāti saṃkhittadhammadesanā vitthāradhammadesanā cāti dveyeva dhammadesanāti dasseti. Tattha mātikaṃ uddisitvā kathitā desanā saṃkhittadesanā nāma. Tameva mātikaṃ vitthārato vibhajitvā kathitā vitthāradesanā nāma. Mātikaṃ vā ṭhapetvāpi aṭṭhapetvāpi vitthārato vibhajitvā kathitā vitthāradesanā nāma . Tāsu saṃkhittadesanā nāma mahāpaññassa puggalassa vasena kathitā, vitthāradesanā nāma mandapaññassa. Mahāpaññassa hi vitthāradesanā atipapañco viya hoti. Mandapaññassa saṅkhepadesanā sasakassa uppatanaṃ viya hoti, neva antaṃ na koṭiṃ pāpuṇituṃ sakkoti. Saṅkhepadesanā ca ugghaṭitaññussa vasena kathitā, vitthāradesanā itaresaṃ tiṇṇaṃ vasena. Sakalampi hi tepiṭakaṃ saṅkhepadesanā vitthāradesanāti ettheva saṅkhaṃ gacchati.
15. Pañcame yasmiṃ, bhikkhave, adhikaraṇeti vivādādhikaraṇaṃ, anuvādādhikaraṇaṃ, āpattādhikaraṇaṃ, kiccādhikaraṇanti imesaṃ catunnaṃ adhikaraṇānaṃ yasmiṃ adhikaraṇe. Āpanno ca bhikkhūti āpattiṃ āpanno bhikkhu ca. Tasmetanti tasmiṃ etaṃ. Dīghattāyāti dīghaṃ addhānaṃ tiṭṭhanatthāya. Kharattāyāti dāsa-koṇḍa-caṇḍāla-venāti evaṃ kharavācāpavattanatthāya. Vāḷattāyāti pāṇi leḍḍudaṇḍādīhi paharaṇavasena kakkhaḷabhāvatthāya. Bhikkhū ca na phāsuṃ viharissantīti aññamaññaṃ vivādāpanne bhikkhusaṅghe yepi uddesaṃ vā paripucchaṃ vā gahetukāmā padhānaṃ vā anuyuñjitukāmā, te phāsuṃ na viharissanti. Bhikkhusaṅghasmiṃ hi uposathapavāraṇāya ṭhitāya uddesādīhi atthikā uddesādīni gahetuṃ na sakkonti, vipassakānaṃ cittuppādo na ekaggo hoti, tato visesaṃ nibbattetuṃ na sakkonti. Evaṃ bhikkhū ca na phāsuṃ viharissanti. Na dīghattāyātiādīsu vuttapaṭipakkhanayena attho veditabbo.
Idhāti imasmiṃ sāsane. Iti paṭisañcikkhatīti evaṃ paccavekkhati. Akusalaṃ āpannoti ettha akusalanti āpatti adhippetā, āpattiṃ āpannoti attho. Kañcideva desanti na sabbameva āpattiṃ, āpattiyā pana kañcideva desaṃ aññataraṃ āpattinti attho. Kāyenāti karajakāyena. Anattamanoti atuṭṭhacitto. Anattamanavācanti atuṭṭhavācaṃ. Mamevāti maṃyeva. Tatthāti tasmiṃ adhikaraṇe. Accayo accagamāti aparādho atikkamitvā madditvā gato, ahamevettha aparādhiko. Suṅkadāyakaṃva bhaṇḍasminti yathā suṅkaṭṭhānaṃ pariharitvā nīte bhaṇḍasmiṃ suṅkadāyakaṃ aparādho abhibhavati, so ca tattha aparādhiko hoti, na rājāno na rājapurisāti attho.
Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti – yo hi raññā ṭhapitaṃ suṅkaṭṭhānaṃ pariharitvā bhaṇḍaṃ harati, taṃ saha bhaṇḍasakaṭena ānetvā rañño dassenti. Tattha neva suṅkaṭṭhānassa doso atthi, na rañño na rājapurisānaṃ, pariharitvā gatasseva pana doso, evamevaṃ yaṃ so bhikkhu āpattiṃ āpanno, tattha neva āpattiyā doso, na codakassa. Tīhi pana kāraṇehi tasseva bhikkhuno doso. Tassa hi āpattiṃ āpannabhāvenapi doso, codake anattamanatāyapi doso, anattamanassa sato paresaṃ ārocanenapi doso. Codakassa pana yaṃ so taṃ āpattiṃ āpajjantaṃ addasa, tattha doso natthi. Anattamanatāya codanāya pana doso. Tampi amanasikaritvā ayaṃ bhikkhu attanova dosaṃ paccavekkhanto ‘‘iti mameva tattha accayo accagamā suṅkadāyakaṃva bhaṇḍasmi’’nti evaṃ paṭisañcikkhatīti attho. Dutiyavāre codakassa anattamanatā ca anattamanatāya coditabhāvo cāti dve dosā, tesaṃ vasena ‘‘accayo accagamā’’ti ettha yojanā kātabbā. Sesamettha uttānamevāti.
16. Chaṭṭhe aññataroti eko apākaṭanāmo brāhmaṇo. Yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamīti yenāti bhummatthe karaṇavacanaṃ. Tasmā yattha bhagavā, tattha upasaṅkamīti evamettha attho veditabbo. Yena vā kāraṇena bhagavā devamanussehi upasaṅkamitabbo, tena kāraṇena upasaṅkamīti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo. Kena ca kāraṇena bhagavā upasaṅkamitabbo ? Nānappakāraguṇavisesādhigamādhippāyena, sāduphalūpabhogādhippāyena dijagaṇehi niccaphalitamahārukkho viya. Upasaṅkamīti gatoti vuttaṃ hoti. Upasaṅkamitvāti upasaṅkamanapariyosānadīpanaṃ. Atha vā evaṃ gato tato āsannataraṃ ṭhānaṃ bhagavato samīpasaṅkhātaṃ gantvātipi vuttaṃ hoti.
Bhagavatā saddhiṃ sammodīti yathā ca khamanīyādīni pucchanto bhagavā tena, evaṃ sopi bhagavatā saddhiṃ samappavattamodo ahosi, sītodakaṃ viya uṇhodakena sammoditaṃ ekībhāvaṃ agamāsi. Yāya ca ‘‘kacci, bho gotama, khamanīyaṃ, kacci yāpanīyaṃ, kacci bhoto gotamassa ca sāvakānañca appābādhaṃ appātaṅkaṃ lahuṭṭhānaṃ balaṃ phāsuvihāro’’tiādikāya kathāya sammodi, taṃ pītipāmojjasaṅkhātassa sammodassa jananato sammodituṃ yuttabhāvato ca sammodanīyaṃ, atthabyañjanamadhuratāya sucirampi kālaṃ sāretuṃ nirantaraṃ pavattetuṃ araharūpato saritabbabhāvato ca sāraṇīyaṃ. Suyyamānasukhato vā sammodanīyaṃ, anussariyamānasukhato sāraṇīyaṃ, tathā byañjanaparisuddhatāya sammodanīyaṃ, atthaparisuddhatāya sāraṇīyanti evaṃ anekehi pariyāyehi sammodanīyaṃ sāraṇīyaṃ kathaṃ vītisāretvā pariyosāpetvā niṭṭhapetvā yenatthena āgato, taṃ pucchitukāmo ekamantaṃ nisīdi.
Ekamantanti bhāvanapuṃsakaniddeso ‘‘visamaṃ candimasūriyā parivattantī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 4.70) viya. Tasmā yathā nisinno ekamantaṃ nisinno hoti, tathā nisīdīti evamettha attho daṭṭhabbo. Bhummatthe vā etaṃ upayogavacanaṃ. Nisīdīti upāvisi. Paṇḍitā hi purisā garuṭṭhānīyaṃ upasaṅkamitvā āsanakusalatāya ekamantaṃ nisīdanti. Ayañca nesaṃ aññataro, tasmā ekamantaṃ nisīdi.
Kathaṃ nisinno pana ekamantaṃ nisinno hotīti? Cha nisajjadose vajjetvā. Seyyathidaṃ – atidūraṃ, accāsannaṃ, uparivātaṃ, unnatappadesaṃ, atisammukhaṃ atipacchāti. Atidūre nisinno hi sace kathetukāmo hoti, uccāsaddena kathetabbaṃ hoti. Accāsanne nisinno saṅghaṭṭanaṃ karoti . Uparivāte nisinno sarīragandhena bādhati. Unnatappadese nisinno agāravaṃ pakāseti. Atisammukhā nisinno sace daṭṭhukāmo hoti, cakkhunā cakkhuṃ āhacca daṭṭhabbaṃ hoti. Atipacchā nisinno sace daṭṭhukāmo hoti, gīvaṃ pasāretvā daṭṭhabbaṃ hoti. Tasmā ayampi ete cha nisajjadose vajjetvā nisīdi. Tena vuttaṃ ‘‘ekamantaṃ nisīdī’’ti.
Etadavocāti duvidhā hi pucchā – agārikapucchā, anagārikapucchā ca. Tattha ‘‘kiṃ, bhante, kusalaṃ, kiṃ akusala’’nti (ma. ni. 3.296) iminā nayena agārikapucchā āgatā. ‘‘Ime nu kho, bhante, pañcupādānakkhandhā’’ti (ma. ni. 3.86) iminā nayena anagārikapucchā. Ayaṃ pana attano anurūpaṃ agārikapucchaṃ pucchanto etaṃ ‘‘ko nu kho, bho gotama, hetu ko paccayo’’tiādivacanaṃ avoca. Tattha hetu paccayoti ubhayampetaṃ kāraṇavevacanameva. Adhammacariyāvisamacariyāhetūti adhammacariyāsaṅkhātāya visamacariyāya hetu, taṃkāraṇā tappaccayāti attho . Tatrāyaṃ padattho – adhammassa cariyā adhammacariyā, adhammakāraṇanti attho. Visamaṃ cariyā, visamassa vā kammassa cariyāti visamacariyā. Adhammacariyā ca sā visamacariyā cāti adhammacariyāvisamacariyā. Etenupāyena sukkapakkhepi attho veditabbo. Atthato panettha adhammacariyāvisamacariyā nāma dasa akusalakammapathā, dhammacariyāsamacariyā nāma dasa kusalakammapathāti veditabbā.
Abhikkantaṃ, bho gotamāti ettha ayaṃ abhikkantasaddo khayasundarābhirūpaabbhanumodanesu dissati. ‘‘Abhikkantā, bhante, ratti, nikkhanto paṭhamo yāmo, ciranisinno bhikkhusaṅgho’’tiādīsu (udā. 45; cūḷava. 383; a. ni. 8.20) hi khaye dissati. ‘‘Ayaṃ imesaṃ catunnaṃ puggalānaṃ abhikkantataro ca paṇītataro cā’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 4.100) sundare.
‘‘Ko me vandati pādāni, iddhiyā yasasā jalaṃ;
Abhikkantena vaṇṇena, sabbā obhāsayaṃ disā’’ti. –
Ādīsu (vi. va. 857) abhirūpe. ‘‘Abhikkantaṃ, bhante’’tiādīsu (dī. ni. 1.250; pārā. 15) abbhanumodane. Idhāpi abbhanumodaneyeva. Yasmā ca abbhanumodane, tasmā sādhu sādhu, bho gotamāti vuttaṃ hotīti veditabbaṃ.
‘‘Bhaye kodhe pasaṃsāyaṃ, turite kotūhalacchare;
Hāse soke pasāde ca, kare āmeḍitaṃ budho’’ti. –
Iminā ca lakkhaṇena idha pasādavasena pasaṃsāvasena cāyaṃ dvikkhattuṃ vuttoti veditabbo. Atha vā abhikkantanti abhikkantaṃ atiiṭṭhaṃ atimanāpaṃ, atisundaranti vuttaṃ hoti.
Tattha ekena abhikkantasaddena desanaṃ thometi, ekena attano pasādaṃ. Ayañhettha adhippāyo – abhikkantaṃ, bho gotama, yadidaṃ bhoto gotamassa dhammadesanā, abhikkantaṃ yadidaṃ bhoto gotamassa dhammadesanaṃ āgamma mama pasādoti. Bhagavatoyeva vā vacanaṃ dve dve atthe sandhāya thometi – bhoto gotamassa vacanaṃ abhikkantaṃ dosanāsanato, abhikkantaṃ guṇādhigamanato , tathā saddhājananato, paññājananato, sātthato, sabyañjanato, uttānapadato, gambhīratthato, kaṇṇasukhato, hadayaṅgamato, anattukkaṃsanato, aparavambhanato, karuṇāsītalato, paññāvadātato, āpātharamaṇīyato, vimaddakkhamato, suyyamānasukhato, vīmaṃsiyamānahitatoti evamādīhi yojetabbaṃ.
Tato parampi catūhi upamāhi desanaṃyeva thometi. Tattha nikkujjitanti adhomukhaṭhapitaṃ, heṭṭhāmukhajātaṃ vā. Ukkujjeyyāti uparimukhaṃ kareyya. Paṭicchannanti tiṇapaṇṇādichāditaṃ. Vivareyyāti ugghāṭeyya. Mūḷhassāti disāmūḷhassa. Maggaṃ ācikkheyyāti hatthe gahetvā ‘‘esa maggo’’ti vadeyya. Andhakāreti kāḷapakkhacātuddasīaḍḍharattaghanavanasaṇḍameghapaṭalehi caturaṅge tame. Ayaṃ tāva anuttānapadattho.
Ayaṃ pana adhippāyayojanā – yathā koci nikkujjitaṃ ukkujjeyya, evaṃ saddhammavimukhaṃ asaddhamme patitaṃ maṃ asaddhammā vuṭṭhāpentena, yathā paṭicchannaṃ vivareyya, evaṃ kassapassa bhagavato sāsanantaradhānato pabhuti micchādiṭṭhigahanapaṭicchannaṃ sāsanaṃ vivarantena, yathā mūḷhassa maggaṃ ācikkheyya, evaṃ kummaggamicchāmaggappaṭipannassa me saggamokkhamaggaṃ āvikarontena, yathā andhakāre telapajjotaṃ dhāreyya, evaṃ mohandhakāre nimuggassa me buddhādiratanarūpāni apassato tappaṭicchādakamohandhakāraviddhaṃsakadesanāpajjotadhāraṇena mayhaṃ bhotā gotamena etehi pariyāyehi pakāsitattā anekapariyāyena dhammo pakāsitoti.
Evaṃ desanaṃ thometvā imāya desanāya ratanattaye pasannacitto pasannākāraṃ karonto esāhantiādimāha. Tattha esāhanti eso ahaṃ. Bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmīti bhavaṃ me gotamo saraṇaṃ parāyaṇaṃ aghassa tātā hitassa ca vidhātāti iminā adhippāyena bhavantaṃ gotamaṃ gacchāmi bhajāmi sevāmi payirupāsāmi, evaṃ vā jānāmi bujjhāmīti. Yesañhi dhātūnaṃ gati attho, buddhipi tesaṃ attho. Tasmā gacchāmīti imassa jānāmi bujjhāmīti ayamattho vutto. Dhammañca bhikkhusaṅghañcāti ettha pana adhigatamagge sacchikatanirodhe yathānusiṭṭhaṃ paṭipajjamāne ca catūsu apāyesu apatamāne dhāretīti dhammo. So atthato ariyamaggo ceva nibbānañca. Vuttañhetaṃ – ‘‘yāvatā, bhikkhave, dhammā saṅkhatā, ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo tesaṃ aggamakkhāyatī’’ti (a. ni. 4.34) vitthāro. Na kevalañca ariyamaggo ceva nibbānañca , apica kho ariyaphalehi saddhiṃ pariyattidhammopi. Vuttañhetaṃ chattamāṇavakavimāne –
‘‘Rāgavirāgamanejamasokaṃ, dhammamasaṅkhatamappaṭikūlaṃ;
Madhuramimaṃ paguṇaṃ suvibhattaṃ, dhammamimaṃ saraṇatthamupehī’’ti. (vi. va. 887);
Ettha rāgavirogoti maggo kathito. Anojamasokanti phalaṃ. Dhammamasaṅkhatanti nibbānaṃ. Appaṭikūlaṃ madhuramimaṃpaguṇaṃ suvibhattanti piṭakattayena vibhattā sabbadhammakkhandhāti. Diṭṭhisīlasaṅghātena saṃhatoti saṅgho. So atthato aṭṭhaariyapuggalasamūho. Vuttañhetaṃ tasmiyeva vimāne –
‘‘Yattha ca dinnamahapphalamāhu, catūsu sucīsu purisayugesu;
Aṭṭha ca puggaladhammadasā te, saṅghamimaṃ saraṇatthamupehī’’ti. (vi. va. 888);
Bhikkhūnaṃ saṅgho bhikkhusaṅgho. Ettāvatā brāhmaṇo tīṇi saraṇagamanāni paṭivedesi.
Idāni tesu saraṇagamanesu kosallatthaṃ saraṇaṃ, saraṇagamanaṃ, yo ca saraṇaṃ gacchati, saraṇagamanappabhedo, saraṇagamanaphalaṃ, saṃkileso, bhedoti ayaṃ vidhi veditabbo.
Seyyathidaṃ – padatthato tāva hiṃsatīti saraṇaṃ, saraṇagatānaṃ teneva saraṇagamanena bhayaṃ santāsaṃ dukkhaṃ duggatiparikilesaṃ hanati vināsetīti attho, ratanattayassevetaṃ adhivacanaṃ. Atha vā hite pavattanena ahitā ca nivattanena sattānaṃ bhayaṃ hiṃsatīti buddho, bhavakantārā uttāraṇena lokassa assāsadānena ca dhammo, appakānampi kārānaṃ vipulaphalapaṭilābhakaraṇena saṅgho. Tasmā imināpi pariyāyena ratanattayaṃ saraṇaṃ. Tappasādataggarutāhi vihatakileso tapparāyaṇatākārappavatto cittuppādo saraṇagamanaṃ. Taṃsamaṅgīsatto saraṇaṃ gacchati, vuttappakārena cittuppādena ‘‘etāni me tīṇi ratanāni saraṇaṃ, etāni parāyaṇa’’nti evaṃ upetīti attho. Evaṃ tāva saraṇaṃ saraṇagamanaṃ yo ca saraṇaṃ gacchati idaṃ tayaṃ veditabbaṃ.
Saraṇagamanappabhede pana duvidhaṃ saraṇagamanaṃ lokuttaraṃ lokiyañcāti. Tattha lokuttaraṃ diṭṭhasaccānaṃ maggakkhaṇe saraṇagamanupakkilesasamucchedena ārammaṇato nibbānārammaṇaṃ hutvā kiccato sakalepi ratanattaye ijjhati. Lokiyaṃ puthujjanānaṃ saraṇagamanupakkilesavikkhambhanena ārammaṇato buddhādiguṇārammaṇaṃ hutvā ijjhati. Taṃ atthato buddhādīsu vatthūsu saddhāpaṭilābho, saddhāmūlikā ca sammādiṭṭhi dasasu puññakiriyāvatthūsu diṭṭhijukammanti vuccati.
Tayidaṃ catudhā pavattati attasanniyyātanena tapparāyaṇatāya sissabhāvūpagamanena paṇipātenāti. Tattha attasanniyyātanaṃ nāma ‘‘ajja ādiṃ katvā ahaṃ attānaṃ buddhassa niyyātemi, dhammassa, saṅghassā’’ti evaṃ buddhādīnaṃ attapariccajanaṃ. Tapparāyaṇatā nāma ‘‘ajja ādiṃ katvā ahaṃ buddhaparāyaṇo, dhammaparāyaṇo, saṅghaparāyaṇo iti maṃ dhārethā’’ti evaṃ tapparāyaṇabhāvo. Sissabhāvūpagamanaṃ nāma ‘‘ajja ādiṃ katvā ahaṃ buddhassa antevāsiko, dhammassa, saṅghassa iti maṃ dhārethā’’ti evaṃ sissabhāvūpagamo. Paṇipāto nāma ‘‘ajja ādiṃ katvā ahaṃ abhivādana-paccuṭṭhāna-añjalikamma-sāmīcikammaṃ buddhādīnaṃyeva tiṇṇaṃ vatthūnaṃ karomi iti maṃ dhārethā’’ti evaṃ buddhādīsu paramanipaccakāro. Imesañhi catunnampi ākārānaṃ aññatarampi karontena gahitaṃyeva hoti saraṇagamanaṃ.
Apica ‘‘bhagavato attānaṃ pariccajāmi, dhammassa, saṅghassa attānaṃ pariccajāmi, jīvitaṃ pariccajāmi, pariccattoyeva me attā, pariccattaṃyeva me jīvitaṃ, jīvitapariyantikaṃ buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi, buddho me saraṇaṃ leṇaṃ tāṇa’’nti evampi attasanniyyātanaṃ veditabbaṃ. ‘‘Satthārañca vatāhaṃ passeyyaṃ, bhagavantameva passeyyaṃ, sugatañca vatāhaṃ passeyyaṃ, bhagavantameva passeyyaṃ, sammāsambuddhañca vatāhaṃ passeyyaṃ, bhagavantameva passeyya’’nti (saṃ. ni. 2.154) evampi mahākassapassa saraṇagamane viya sissabhāvūpagamanaṃ daṭṭhabbaṃ.
‘‘So ahaṃ vicarissāmi, gāmā gāmaṃ purā puraṃ;
Namassamāno sambuddhaṃ, dhammassa ca sudhammata’’nti. (su. ni. 194; saṃ. ni. 1.246);
Evampi āḷavakādīnaṃ saraṇagamanaṃ viya tapparāyaṇatā veditabbā. ‘‘Atha kho brahmāyu brāhmaṇo uṭṭhāyāsanā ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsaṅgaṃ karitvā bhagavato pādesu sirasā nipatitvā bhagavato pādāni mukhena ca paricumbati, pāṇīhi ca parisambāhati, nāmañca sāveti – ‘brahmāyu ahaṃ, bho gotama, brāhmaṇo; brahmāyu ahaṃ, bho gotama, brāhmaṇo’’’ti (ma. ni. 2.394) evampi paṇipāto veditabbo.
So panesa ñātibhayācariyadakkhiṇeyyavasena catubbidho hoti. Tattha dakkhiṇeyyapaṇipātena saraṇagamanaṃ hoti, na itarehi. Seṭṭhavaseneva hi saraṇaṃ gaṇhāti, seṭṭhavasena ca bhijjati. Tasmā yo sākiyo vā koliyo vā ‘‘buddho amhākaṃ ñātako’’ti vandati, aggahitameva hoti saraṇaṃ. Yo vā ‘‘samaṇo gotamo rājapūjito mahānubhāvo avandiyamāno anatthampi kareyyā’’ti bhayena vandati, aggahitameva hoti saraṇaṃ. Yo vā bodhisattakāle bhagavato santike kiñci uggahitaṃ saramāno buddhakāle vā –
‘‘Ekena bhoge bhuñjeyya, dvīhi kammaṃ payojaye;
Catutthañca nidhāpeyya, āpadāsu bhavissatī’’ti. (dī. ni. 3.265) –
Evarūpaṃ anusāsaniṃ uggahetvā ‘‘ācariyo me’’ti vandati, aggahitameva hoti saraṇaṃ. Yo pana ‘‘ayaṃ loke aggadakkhiṇeyyo’’ti vandati, teneva gahitaṃ hoti saraṇaṃ.
Evaṃ gahitasaraṇassa ca upāsakassa vā upāsikāya vā aññatitthiyesu pabbajitampi ñātiṃ ‘‘ñātako me aya’’nti vandato saraṇagamanaṃ na bhijjati, pageva apabbajitaṃ. Tathā rājānaṃ bhayavasena vandato. So hi raṭṭhapūjitattā avandiyamāno anatthampi kareyyāti. Tathā yaṃ kiñci sippaṃ sikkhāpakaṃ titthiyaṃ ‘‘ācariyo me aya’’nti vandatopi na bhijjatīti evaṃ saraṇagamanappabhedo veditabbo.
Ettha ca lokuttarassa saraṇagamanassa cattāri sāmaññaphalāni vipākaphalaṃ, sabbadukkhakkhayo ānisaṃsaphalaṃ. Vuttañhetaṃ –
‘‘Yo ca buddhañca dhammañca, saṅghañca saraṇaṃ gato;
Cattāri ariyasaccāni, sammappaññāya passati. (dha. pa. 190);
‘‘Dukkhaṃ dukkhasamuppādaṃ, dukkhassa ca atikkamaṃ;
Ariyañcaṭṭhaṅgikaṃ maggaṃ, dukkhūpasamagāminaṃ. (dha. pa. 191);
‘‘Etaṃ kho saraṇaṃ khemaṃ, etaṃ saraṇamuttamaṃ;
Etaṃ saraṇamāgamma, sabbadukkhā pamuccatī’’ti. (dha. pa. 192);
Apica niccato anupagamanādivasenapetassa ānisaṃsaphalaṃ veditabbaṃ. Vuttañhetaṃ –
‘‘Aṭṭhānametaṃ, bhikkhave, anavakāso, yaṃ diṭṭhisampanno puggalo kañci saṅkhāraṃ niccato upagaccheyya, sukhato upagaccheyya, kañci dhammaṃ attato upagaccheyya, mātaraṃ jīvitā voropeyya, pitaraṃ, arahantaṃ jīvitā voropeyya, paduṭṭhacitto tathāgatassa lohitaṃ uppādeyya, saṅghaṃ bhindeyya, aññaṃ satthāraṃ uddiseyya, netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjatī’’ti (ma. ni. 3.128-130; a. ni. 1.272-277).
Lokiyassa pana saraṇagamanassa bhavasampadāpi bhogasampadāpi phalameva. Vuttañhetaṃ –
‘‘Ye keci buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gatāse,
Na te gamissanti apāyabhūmiṃ;
Pahāya mānusaṃ dehaṃ,
Devakāyaṃ paripūressantī’’ti. (saṃ. ni. 1.37);
Aparampi vuttaṃ –
‘‘Atha kho sakko devānamindo asītiyā devatāsahassehi saddhiṃ yenāyasmā mahāmoggallāno tenupasaṅkami…pe… ekamantaṃ ṭhitaṃ kho sakkaṃ devānamindaṃ āyasmā mahāmoggallāno etadavoca – ‘sādhu kho, devānaminda, buddhasaraṇagamanaṃ hoti. Buddhasaraṇagamanahetu kho devānaminda evamidhekacce sattā kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā sugatiṃ saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjanti. Te aññe deve dasahi ṭhānehi adhigaṇhanti dibbena āyunā dibbena vaṇṇena sukhena yasena ādhipateyyena dibbehi rūpehi saddehi gandhehi rasehi phoṭṭhabbehī’’’ti (saṃ. ni. 4.341).
Eseva nayo dhamme saṅghe ca. Apica velāmasuttādivasenāpi (a. ni. 9.20 ādayo) saraṇagamanassa phalaviseso veditabbo. Evaṃ saraṇagamanaphalaṃ veditabbaṃ.
Tattha lokiyasaraṇagamanaṃ tīsu vatthūsu aññāṇasaṃsayamicchāñāṇādīhi saṃkilissati, na mahājutikaṃ hoti na mahāvipphāraṃ. Lokuttarassa natthi saṃkileso. Lokiyassa ca saraṇagamanassa duvidho bhedo sāvajjo anavajjo ca. Tattha sāvajjo aññasatthārādīsu attasanniyyātanādīhi hoti, so aniṭṭhaphalo. Anavajjo kālakiriyāya, so avipākattā aphalo. Lokuttarassa pana nevatthi bhedo. Bhavantarepi hi ariyasāvako aññaṃ satthāraṃ na uddisatīti evaṃ saraṇagamanassa saṃkileso ca bhedo ca veditabbo.
Upāsakaṃmaṃ bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretūti maṃ bhavaṃ gotamo ‘‘upāsako aya’’nti evaṃ dhāretu, jānātūti attho. Upāsakavidhikosallatthaṃ panettha ko upāsako, kasmā upāsakoti vuccati, kimassa sīlaṃ, ko ājīvo, kā vipatti, kā sampattīti idaṃ pakiṇṇakaṃ veditabbaṃ.
Tattha ko upāsakoti yo koci saraṇagato gahaṭṭho. Vuttañhetaṃ –
‘‘Yato kho, mahānāma, upāsako buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gato hoti, dhammaṃ saraṇaṃ gato, saṅghaṃ saraṇaṃ gato hoti. Ettāvatā kho, mahānāma, upāsako hotī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.1033).
Kasmāupāsakoti. Ratanattayassa upāsanato. So hi buddhaṃ upāsatīti upāsako. Dhammaṃ, saṅghaṃ upāsatīti upāsakoti.
Kimassa sīlanti. Pañca veramaṇiyo. Yathāha –
‘‘Yato kho, mahānāma, upāsako pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti, adinnādānā, kāmesumicchācārā, musāvādā, surāmerayamajjappamādaṭṭhānā paṭivirato hoti. Ettāvatā kho, mahānāma, upāsako sīlavā hotī’’ti (saṃ. ni. 5.1033).
Ko ājīvoti. Pañca micchāvaṇijjā pahāya dhammena samena jīvikakappanaṃ. Vuttañhetaṃ –
‘‘Pañcimā, bhikkhave, vaṇijjā upāsakena akaraṇīyā. Katamā pañca. Satthavaṇijjā, sattavaṇijjā, maṃsavaṇijjā, majjavaṇijjā, visavaṇijjā. Imā kho, bhikkhave, pañca vaṇijjā upāsakena akaraṇīyā’’ti (a. ni. 5.177).
Kā vipattīti. Yā tasseva sīlassa ca ājīvassa ca vipatti, ayamassa vipatti. Apica yāya esa caṇḍālo ceva hoti malañca patikuṭṭho ca, sāpi tassa vipattīti veditabbā. Te ca atthato assaddhiyādayo pañca dhammā honti. Yathāha –
‘‘Pañcahi , bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato upāsako upāsakacaṇḍālo ca hoti upāsakamalañca upāsakapatikuṭṭho ca. Katamehi pañcahi? Assaddho hoti, dussīlo hoti, kotūhalamaṅgaliko hoti, maṅgalaṃ pacceti no kammaṃ, ito ca bahiddhā dakkhiṇeyyaṃ pariyesati, tattha ca pubbakāraṃ karotī’’ti (a. ni. 5.175).
Kā sampattīti. Yā cassa sīlasampadā ca ājīvasampadā ca, sā sampatti. Ye cassa ratanabhāvādikarā saddhādayo pañca dhammā. Yathāha –
‘‘Pañcahi , bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato upāsako upāsakaratanañca hoti upāsakapadumañca upāsakapuṇḍarīkañca. Katamehi pañcahi? Saddho hoti, sīlavā hoti, na kotūhalamaṅgaliko hoti, kammaṃ pacceti no maṅgalaṃ, na ito bahiddhā dakkhiṇeyyaṃ gavesati, idha ca pubbakāraṃ karotī’’ti (a. ni. 5.175).
Ajjataggeti ettha ayaṃ aggasaddo ādikoṭikoṭṭhāsaseṭṭhesu dissati. ‘‘Ajjatagge samma, dovārika, āvarāmi dvāraṃ nigaṇṭhānaṃ nigaṇṭhīna’’ntiādīsu (ma. ni. 2.70) hi ādimhi dissati. ‘‘Teneva aṅgulaggena taṃ aṅgulaggaṃ parāmaseyya (kathā. 441). Ucchaggaṃ veḷagga’’ntiādīsu koṭiyaṃ. ‘‘Ambilaggaṃ vā madhuraggaṃ vā tittakaggaṃ vā (saṃ. ni. 5.374), anujānāmi, bhikkhave, vihāraggena vā pariveṇaggena vā bhājetu’’ntiādīsu (cūḷava. 318) koṭṭhāse. ‘‘Yāvatā, bhikkhave, sattā apadā vā…pe… tathāgato tesaṃ aggamakkhāyatī’’tiādīsu (a. ni. 4.34) seṭṭhe. Idha panāyaṃ ādimhi daṭṭhabbo. Tasmā ajjataggeti ajjataṃ ādiṃ katvāti evamettha attho veditabbo. Ajjatanti ajjabhāvaṃ. Ajjadaggeti vā pāṭho, dakāro padasandhikaro, ajja aggaṃ katvāti attho.
Pāṇupetanti pāṇehi upetaṃ, yāva me jīvitaṃ pavattati, tāva upetaṃ, anaññasatthukaṃ tīhi saraṇagamanehi saraṇaṃ gataṃ upāsakaṃ kappiyakārakaṃ maṃ bhavaṃ gotamo dhāretu jānātu. Ahañhi sacepi me tikhiṇena asinā sīsaṃ chindeyya, neva buddhaṃ ‘‘na buddho’’ti vā dhammaṃ ‘‘na dhammo’’ti vā saṅghaṃ ‘‘na saṅgho’’ti vā vadeyyanti evaṃ attasanniyyātanena saraṇaṃ gantvā catūhi ca paccayehi pavāretvā uṭṭhāyāsanā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā tikkhattuṃ padakkhiṇaṃ katvā pakkāmīti.
17. Sattame jāṇussoṇīti jāṇussoṇiṭhānantaraṃ kira nāmekaṃ ṭhānantaraṃ, taṃ yena kulena laddhaṃ, taṃ jāṇussoṇikulanti vuccati. Ayaṃ tasmiṃ kule jātattā rañño santike ca laddhajāṇussoṇisakkārattā jāṇussoṇīti vuccati. Tenupasaṅkamīti ‘‘samaṇo kira gotamo paṇḍito byatto bahussuto’’ti sutvā ‘‘sace so liṅgavibhattikārakādibhedaṃ jānissati, amhehi ñātameva jānissati, aññātaṃ kiṃ jānissati. Ñātameva kathessati, aññātaṃ kiṃ kathessatī’’ti cintetvā mānaddhajaṃ paggayha siṅgaṃ ukkhipitvā mahāparivārehi parivuto yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami. Katattā ca, brāhmaṇa, akatattā cāti satthā tassa vacanaṃ sutvā ‘‘ayaṃ brāhmaṇo idha āgacchanto na jānitukāmo atthagavesī hutvā āgato, mānaṃ pana paggayha siṅgaṃ ukkhipitvā āgato. Kiṃ nu khvassa yathā pañhassa atthaṃ jānāti, evaṃ kathite vaḍḍhi bhavissati, udāhu yathā na jānātī’’ti cintetvā ‘‘yathā na jānāti, evaṃ kathite vaḍḍhi bhavissatī’’ti ñatvā ‘‘katattā ca, brāhmaṇa, akatattā cā’’ti āha.
Brāhmaṇo taṃ sutvā ‘‘samaṇo gotamo katattāpi akatattāpi niraye nibbattiṃ vadati, idaṃ ubhayakāraṇenāpi ekaṭṭhāne nibbattiyā kathitattā dujjānaṃ mahandhakāraṃ, natthi mayhaṃ ettha patiṭṭhā. Sace panāhaṃ ettakeneva tuṇhī bhaveyyaṃ, brāhmaṇānaṃ majjhe kathanakālepi maṃ evaṃ vadeyyuṃ – ‘tvaṃ samaṇassa gotamassa santikaṃ mānaṃ paggayha siṅgaṃ ukkhipitvā gatosi, ekavacaneneva tuṇhī hutvā kiñci vattuṃ nāsakkhi, imasmiṃ ṭhāne kasmā kathesī’ti. Tasmā parājitopi aparājitasadiso hutvā puna saggagamanapañhaṃ pucchissāmī’’ti cintetvā ko nu kho, bho gotamāti imaṃ dutiyapañhaṃ ārabhi.
Evampi tassa ahosi – ‘‘uparipañhena heṭṭhāpañhaṃ jānissāmi, heṭṭhāpañhena uparipañha’’nti. Tasmāpi imaṃ pañhaṃ pucchi. Satthā purimanayeneva cintetvā yathā na jānāti, evameva kathento punapi ‘‘katattā ca, brāhmaṇa, akatattā cā’’ti āha. Brāhmaṇo tasmimpi patiṭṭhātuṃ asakkonto ‘‘alaṃ, bho, na īdisassa purisassa santikaṃ āgatena ajānitvā gantuṃ vaṭṭati, sakavādaṃ pahāya samaṇaṃ gotamaṃ anuvattitvā mayhaṃ atthaṃ gavesissāmi, paralokamaggaṃ sodhessāmī’’ti sanniṭṭhānaṃ katvā satthāraṃ āyācanto na kho ahantiādimāha. Athassa nihatamānataṃ ñatvā satthā upari desanaṃ vaḍḍhento tena hi, brāhmaṇātiādimāha. Tattha tena hīti kāraṇaniddeso. Yasmā saṃkhittena bhāsitassa atthaṃ ajānanto vitthāradesanaṃ yācasi, tasmāti attho. Sesamettha uttānatthamevāti.
18. Aṭṭhame āyasmāti piyavacanametaṃ. Ānandoti tassa therassa nāmaṃ. Ekaṃsenāti ekantena. Anuviccāti anupavisitvā. Viññūti paṇḍitā. Garahantīti nindanti, avaṇṇaṃ bhāsanti. Sesamettha navame ca sabbaṃ uttānatthameva.
20. Dasame dunnikkhittañca padabyañjananti uppaṭipāṭiyā gahitapāḷipadameva hi atthassa byañjanattā byañjananti vuccati. Ubhayametaṃ pāḷiyāva nāmaṃ. Attho ca dunnītoti parivattetvā uppaṭipāṭiyā gahitā aṭṭhakathā. Dunnikkhittassa, bhikkhave, padabyañjanassa atthopi dunnayo hotīti parivattetvā uppaṭipāṭiyā gahitāya pāḷiyā aṭṭhakathā nāma dunnayā dunnīhārā dukkathā nāma hoti. Ekādasame vuttapaṭipakkhanayena attho veditabboti.
Adhikaraṇavaggo dutiyo.
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